The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet Central Asia PDF
Preview The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet Central Asia
The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet Central Asia Arne Haugen The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet Central Asia This page intentionally left blank The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet Central Asia Arne Haugen QArneHaugen2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-1-4039-1571-9 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthispublication maybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,90 TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorisedactinrelationtothispublicationmay beliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkin accordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2003by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XSand 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10010 Companiesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld PALGRAVEMACMILLANistheglobalacademicimprintofthePalgrave MacmillandivisionofSt.Martin’sPress,LLCandofPalgraveMacmillanLtd. MacmillanTisaregisteredtrademarkintheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom andothercountries.PalgraveisaregisteredtrademarkintheEuropeanUnion andothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-51243-0 ISBN 978-0-230-50284-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230502840 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Haugen,Arne,1967- TheestablishmentofnationalrepublicsinSovietCentralAsia/Arne Haugen. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1.Asia,Central—Politicsandgovernment—20thcentury. 2.Nationalism—Asia,Central—History—20thcentury.3.Asia,Central— Ethnicrelations.I.Title. DK859.H282003 958.4’0841–dc21 2003051968 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 In memory of Alf Grannes This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix AbbreviationsandGlossary x Introduction 1 1. Historiography 9 Marxism,socialismandthenation 9 Sovietnationalitiespolicy:tacticalconcessionsor instrumentofmodernization? 14 SovietandWesternaccountsofthedelimitation 18 ThenationaldelimitationandtheNewEconomicPolicy 26 2. TraditionalIdentities 30 Uzbeks,TajiksorSarts? 30 Islamicandlocalidentities 35 Tribalconglomeratesanddescentgroups 41 3. ChangingIdentities 47 CentralAsiaunderTsarism 48 MuslimreformandtheJadids 52 TheJadids,nationandpolitics 59 Nationalismandthetribalconglomerates 70 4. SplittingUporJoiningTogether? 75 Anomnipotentregime? 77 TheBasmachiuprising 81 CentralAsianunity? 90 Intra-ethnicdivisions 97 5. NationandPolitics 109 Nationalidentitiesinstitutionalized 111 Thenationalizationofpoliticaldiscourse 115 Language,indigenizationandpoliticizationofnationality 126 6. ContinuityandChangeinGroupIdentities 138 Nomadsandsettled;nationsandsub-groups 139 FromSarttoUzbek:changingidentitiesornewlabels? 145 UzbeksandTajiks–theabsenceofTajikvoices 149 vii viii Contents FromUzbektoTajik:theemergenceofTajiknationalism 153 Turkificationandseparation 159 7. ‘‘WeHaveRightsToo!’’–TheDynamicsofDivision 165 Thethree‘‘mainnationalities’’ 166 TheKyrgyzrepublic 167 TheKarakalpakAutonomousOblast 172 8. DrawingBorders 180 Decisions,censusesandstatistics 182 TheTurkmenrepublic 185 SplittinguptheFerghanaValley 188 ThestruggleoverTashkentCity 194 TashkentandMirzachul’uezds 201 Uzbeksasafavoredgroup? 206 9. HistoricalImplications 211 NationalidentitiesinCentralAsia? 211 Nation,politicsandtheSovietdemise 215 Post-SovietCentralAsia 225 Conclusion 233 Notes 239 Bibliography 260 Index 270 Acknowledgments Central Asian studies in Norway represent a most limited area. It was therefore far from self-evident that my application for scholarship in this fieldwould begranted. I am allthemoregrateful that theFaculty of Arts at the University of Bergen gave me the chance to pursue the studyofCentralAsiatodoctorallevel. Firstandforemost,however,thisbookistheresultofthelateProfes- sor Alf Grannes’ eagerness to promote the study of Central Asia and the Caucasus at the University of Bergen. Being a Slavicist himself, Grannes began a fruitful and productive joint tutorship together with Professor Odd-Bjørn Fure of the Department of History. Their com- bined expertise and enthusiasm produced a stimulating environment, from which a number of students could profit throughout the 1990s. The result was a number of interesting studies of Central Asia and the Caucasus. Without Professor Grannes’ initiative, this book could not have been written. It was therefore a great loss when Grannes was gradually incapacitated from incurable illness and died in April 2000. Without Professor Fure’s keen interest in this project and his insistent encouragements in difficult moments, this work might never have beencompleted. Finally,I amverygratefulforthegenerosityand hos- pitality of Dr. John Shoeberlein, who introduced me to Central Asian studies at the Harvard University and who was willing to share with mehisuniquescholarlyexpertiseinthisfield. Anyshortcomingsoftheworkremain,however,theresponsibilityof theauthoralone. ix
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