The Essentials of Performance Analysis: An Introduction

345 Pages·2007·3.218 MB·English

by  Mike Hughes, Ian Franks

THE ESSENTIALS OF
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
What is performance analysis and how does its use benefit sports performance?
How can you use performance analysis in your sport?
The Essentials of Performance Analysis answers your questions, providing a
complete guide to the foundational elements of match and performance analysis
for new students and beginners.
As well as a basic introduction to the sport science and theory that underlies
performance analysis, the book contains many practical examples to show per-
formance analysis in its applied context. It includes discussion of:
approaches to analysing sport performance
the use of feedback technologies
the use of video and biomechanical analysis
interpreting data
coaching with notational analysis
The Essentials of Performance Analysis is a straightforward, concise and authorita-
tive guide for students of sport science and sports coaching, as well as for coaches
and athletes looking to develop their insight into sports performance analysis.
Mike Hughes is Professor and Head of the Centre for Performance Analysis and
Course Director of the Masters in Performance Analysis at the University of
Wales Institute, Cardiff.
Ian M. Franks is Professor and Director of the Motor Control and Learning
Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

THE ESSENTIALS OF
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
An introduction
EDITED BY MIKE HUGHES AND IAN M. FRANKS
First published 2008
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
© 2008 selection and editorial matter Mike Hughes and Ian M. Franks; individual chapters,
the contributors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Every effort has been made to contact and acknowledge copyright owners,
but the editors and publishers would be pleased to have any errors or omissions
brought to their attention so that corrections may be published at a later printing.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hughes, Mike (Michael G.)
The essentials of performance analysis: an introduction/Mike Hughes and Ian M. Franks.
p.c.
Includes biographical references
1. Sports sciences. 2. Physical education and training. 3. Performance. I. Franks, Ian M. II. Title.
GV558.H84 2007–07–17 613.7′1—dc22
2007024801
ISBN 0-203-93806-2 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN10:0–415–42379–1 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0–415–42380–5 (pbk)
ISBN10: 0–203–93806–2 (ebk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–42379–3 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–42380–9 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–203–93806–5 (ebk)
CONTENTS
Notes on contributors xiii
Preface xxi
Introduction xxii
Acknowledgements xxxii
1 THE NEED FOR FEEDBACK 1
Dana Maslovat and Ian M. Franks
1.1 Introduction: feedback 1
1.2 The coaching process and its problems 3
1.3 The need for objective information 4
2 WHAT IS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS? 8
Mike Hughes and Roger Bartlett
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Notational analysis 9
2.2.1 Introduction 9
2.2.2 The applications of notation 11
2.2.2.1 Tactical evaluation 11
2.2.2.2 Technical evaluation 12
2.2.2.3 Movement analysis 13
2.2.2.4 Development of a database and modelling 14
2.2.2.5 Educational applications 15
2.3 Biomechanics – what is the biomechanical view of
performance analysis? 15
v
contents
3 THE PROVISION OF INFORMATION 21
Nicola J. Hodges and Ian M. Franks
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Augmented feedback 23
3.2.1 Positive effects 23
3.2.2 Negative effects 24
3.2.3 Additional factors to consider when providing feedback 27
3.3 Demonstrations and instructions 28
3.3.1 Positive effects 28
3.3.1.1 Providing a reference-of-correctness 28
3.3.1.2 Effective demonstrations 29
3.3.1.3 Conveying a strategy 30
3.3.1.4 Comparing pre-practice methods 30
3.3.2 Negative effects 31
3.3.2.1 Movement strategies 31
3.3.2.2 Searching for the critical information 32
3.3.2.3 Attentional focus 34
3.3.2.4 Implicit learning/re-investment 35
3.3.3 Overview of instructions and demonstrations 37
3.4 Conclusions 37
4 VIDEO FEEDBACK AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 40
Dario G. Liebermann and Ian M. Franks
4.1 Introduction 40
4.2 Extrinsic and intrinsic feedback in sports 41
4.3 Visual feedback, video and motor learning 42
4.4 Qualitative feedback and quantification of performance using
video-based technologies 44
4.5 Quantitative feedback derived from complex simulations 46
4.6 Watching versus performing movements in three-dimensions:
virtual and real environments 47
4.7 Video technology and temporal feedback 48
4.8 Immediacy as a pre-requisite for the effective use of feedback
during skill acquisition 49
vi
contents
5 AN OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
NOTATIONAL ANALYSIS 51
Mike Hughes
5.1 Introduction 51
5.2 The development of sport-specific notation systems (hand notation) 53
5.3 Introduction to computerized notational analysis 58
5.4 Some research using computer systems 60
5.5 Modelling 65
5.5.1 Empirical models 66
5.5.2 Dynamic systems 67
5.5.2.1 Critical incident technique 68
5.5.3 Statistical techniques 71
5.5.4 Artificial Intelligence 74
5.6 Current areas of research and support 74
5.7 Research into the methodology and theory of notational analysis 79
5.8 The future of notational analysis 81
6 SPORTS ANALYSIS 85
Mike Hughes
6.1 Introduction 85
6.2 Creating flowcharts 86
6.3 Levels of analysis – the team, subsidiary units and individuals 92
7 HOW DO WE DESIGN SIMPLE SYSTEMS? HOW TO
DEVELOP A NOTATION SYSTEM 98
Mike Hughes
7.1 Introduction 98
7.2 Data collection systems 98
7.2.1 Scatter diagrams 98
7.2.2 Frequency tables 101
7.2.3 Sequential data systems 103
7.3 Data collection systems in general 108
vii
contents
8 EXAMPLES OF NOTATION SYSTEMS 111
Mike Hughes
8.1 Introduction 111
8.2 Individual sports 111
8.2.1 A notation system for tennis 111
8.2.1.1 Description of point 113
8.2.1.2 Results 116
8.2.1.3 Summary of results 117
8.2.1.4 Discussion and conclusions 117
8.2.2 A notation system for boxing 117
8.2.2.1 Collated data and results 121
8.2.2.2 Conclusions 123
8.3 Team sports 124
8.3.1 A notation system for basketball 124
8.3.1.1 Conclusion and discussion 126
8.3.2 A notation system for soccer 127
8.3.2.1 Method 127
8.3.2.2 Results 128
8.3.2.3 Analysis 128
8.3.2.4 Discussion 132
8.3.2.5 Adjustments to the system 133
8.3.3 A notation system for netball 134
8.3.3.1 Method 135
8.3.3.2 Notation symbols 135
8.3.3.3 The record sheet 137
8.3.3.4 Recording a sequence 137
8.3.3.5 Results 137
8.3.4 A motion analysis of work-rate in different positional
roles in field hockey 140
8.3.4.1 Aim 140
8.3.4.2 Hypothesis 140
8.3.4.3 Devising the method 140
8.3.4.4 Pilot study 141
8.3.4.5 Finalized method 141
8.3.4.6 Limitations 143
8.3.4.7 Operational definitions 143
8.3.4.8 Reliability 143
viii
contents
8.3.4.9 Results 145
8.3.4.10 Application 149
8.3.4.11 Conclusion 149
8.3.4.12 Recommendations for further research 149
9 ANALYSIS OF NOTATION DATA: RELIABILITY 150
Mike Hughes
9.1 Introduction 150
9.2 The nature of the data; the depth of analysis 151
9.2.1 Sample data 151
9.2.2 The sequential nature of data 152
9.3 Consistency of percentage difference calculations 153
9.4 Processing data 154
9.5 Visual interpretation of the data (a modified Bland and
Altman plot) 156
9.5.1 Sample data 157
10 QUALITATIVE BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS
OF TECHNIQUE 162
Adrian Lees
10.1 Introduction 162
10.2 The phase analysis model and movement principles 164
10.2.1 The phase analysis model 164
10.2.2 Movement principles 166
10.2.2.1 Speed (S) principles 167
10.2.2.2 Force (F) principles 168
10.2.2.3 Coordination (C) principles 170
10.2.2.4 Specific performance (P) principles 172
10.3 An application of the phase analysis model and
movement principles 172
10.4 The performance outcome model 176
10.5 An application of the Hay and Reid performance outcome model 177
ix
contents