The Essential World History PDF
Preview The Essential World History
V O L U M E I I : S I N C E 1 5 0 0 S I X T H E D I T I O N THE ESSENTIAL WORLD HISTORY William J. Duiker Th e Pennsylvania State University Jackson J. Spielvogel Th e Pennsylvania State University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States The Essential World History, © 2011, 2007, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Volume II: Since 1500: Sixth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the William J. Duiker, Jackson J. 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Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10 ABOUT THE AUTHORS WILLIAM J. DUIKER is liberal arts professor emeritus of East Asian studies at Th e Pennsylvania State University. A former U.S. diplomat with service in Taiwan, South Vietnam, and Washington, D.C., he received his doctorate in Far Eastern history from Georgetown University in 1968, where his dissertation dealt with the Chinese educator and reformer Cai Yuanpei. At Penn State, he has written widely on the history of Vietnam and modern China, including the widely acclaimed Th e Communist Road to Power in Vietnam (revised edi- tion, Westview Press, 1996), which was selected for a Choice Outstanding Academic Book Award in 1982–1983 and 1996–1997. Other recent books are China and Vietnam: Th e Roots of Confl ict (Berkeley, 1987); Sacred War: Nationalism and Revolution in a Divided Vietnam (McGraw-H ill, 1995); and Ho Chi Minh: A Life (Hyperion, 2000), which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 2001. While his research specialization is in the fi eld of nationalism and Asian revolutions, his intellectual interests are considerably more diverse. He has traveled widely and has taught courses on the History of Communism and n on-W estern civilizations at Penn State, where he was awarded a Faculty Scholar Medal for Outstanding Achievement in the spring of 1 996. TO YVONNE, FOR ADDING SPARKLE TO THIS BOOK, AND TO MY LIFE W.J.D. JACKSON J. SPIELVOGEL is associate professor emeritus of history at Th e Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. from Th e Ohio State University, where he specialized in Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have appeared in such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Education, Catholic Historical Review, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, and American Historical Review. He has also contributed chapters or articles to Th e Social History of the Reformation, Th e Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and Utopian Studies. His work has been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the Foundation for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the Western civilization courses as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler and Nazi Germany was published in 1987 (sixth edition, 2010). He is the author of Western Civilization published in 1991 (seventh edition, 2009). Professor Spielvogel has won fi ve major u niversity-w ide teaching awards. During the year 1988–1989, he held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching award. In 1996, he won the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member and in 2000 received the Schreyer Honors College Excellence in Teaching A ward. TO DIANE, WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE J.J.S. BRIEF CONTENTS DOCUMENTS XII 23 The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century MAPS XIII Crisis: War and Revolution 565 FEATURES XIV 24 Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship: Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America PREFACE XV from 1919 to 1939 589 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXI 25 The Crisis Deepens: World War II 616 WORLD HISTORY TO 1500 XXIII STUDYING FROM PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS XXVII V Toward a Global Civilization? The World Since III The Emergence of New World Patterns (–) 26 East and West in the Grip of the Cold War 644 14 New Encounters: The Creation of a 27 Brave New World: Communism on World Market 334 Trial 671 15 Europe Transformed: Reform and State 28 Europe and the Western Hemisphere Building 361 Since 1945 697 16 The Muslim Empires 385 29 Challenges of Nation Building in Africa 17 The East Asian World 410 and the Middle East 722 18 The West on the Eve of a New World 30 Toward the Pacifi c Century? 752 Order 435 IV Modern Patterns of World History EPILOGUE 780 (–) THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING WORLD 19 The Beginnings of Modernization: HISTORY 787 Industrialization and Nationalism in the A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGES AND THE Nineteenth Century 464 DATING OF TIME 788 20 The Americas and Society and Culture GLOSSARY 789 in The West 490 PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 801 21 The High Tide of Imperialism 514 MAP CREDITS 815 22 Shadows over the Pacifi c: East Asia CHAPTER NOTES 817 Under Challenge 540 INDEX 821 iv DETAILED CONTENTS DOCUMENTS XII Suggested Reading 359 MAPS XIII Discovery 360 FEATURES XIV 15 EUROPE TRANSFORMED: REFORM PREFACE XV AND STATE BUILDING 361 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXI WORLD HISTORY TO 1500 XXIII Th e Reformation of the Sixteenth Century 362 STUDYING FROM PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS XXVII Background to the Reformation 362 Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany 364 III The Emergence of New World Th e Spread of the Protestant Reformation 365 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Patterns (–) A Reformation Debate: Conflict at 14 Marburg 366 NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION Th e Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation 367 OF A WORLD MARKET 334 Th e Catholic Reformation 367 COMPARATIVE ESSAY An Age of Exploration and Expansion 335 Marriage in the Early Modern World 368 Islam and the Spice Trade 335 Europe in Crisis, 1560–1650 369 Th e Spread of Islam in West Africa 336 Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth A New Player: Europe 337 Century 370 Th e Portuguese Maritime Empire 338 Economic and Social Crises 371 Th e Portuguese in India 339 Seventeenth-Century Crises: Revolution and War 373 Th e Search for Spices 339 Response to Crisis: Th e Practice of Absolutism 375 Spanish Conquests in the “New World” 341 France Under Louis XIV 375 Th e Voyages 341 Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe 377 Th e Conquests 341 England and Limited Monarchy 378 Governing the Empire 342 Confl ict Between King and Parliament 378 Th e Impact of European Expansion 343 Civil War and Commonwealth 379 New Rivals 343 Restoration and a Glorious Revolution 379 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Th e Flourishing of European Culture 380 The Columbian Exchange 344 Art: Th e Baroque 380 Africa in Transition 345 Art: Dutch Realism 381 Europeans in Africa 345 A Golden Age of Literature in England 381 Th e Slave Trade 346 Suggested Reading 382 Political and Social Structures in a Changing Continent 350 Discovery 384 Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade 351 16 Th e Arrival of the West 351 THE MUSLIM EMPIRES 385 State and Society in Precolonial Southeast Asia 352 FILM & HISTORY Th e Ottoman Empire 386 Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) 352 Th e Rise of the Ottoman Turks 386 Society 355 Expansion of the Empire 386 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS COMPARATIVE ESSAY The March of Civilization 356 The Changing Face of War 387 v Th e Nature of Turkish Rule 389 Th e Scientifi c Revolution 436 Religion and Society in the Ottoman World 391 Background to the Enlightenment 438 Th e Ottomans in Decline 392 COMPARATIVE ESSAY The Scientific Revolution 438 Ottoman Art 393 Th e Philosophes and Th eir Ideas 439 Th e Safavids 394 Culture in an Enlightened Age 441 Safavid Politics and Society 396 Economic Changes and the Social Order 442 Safavid Art and Literature 397 New Economic Patterns 443 Th e Grandeur of the Mughals 397 European Society in the Eighteenth Century 443 Th e Founding of the Empire 398 Colonial Empires and Revolution in the Western Akbar and Indo-Muslim Civilization 399 Hemisphere 444 Empire in Crisis 399 Th e Impact of Western Power in India 401 Th e Society of Latin America 444 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS British North America 445 The Capture of Port Hoogly 402 FILM & HISTORY The Mission (1986) 446 Society and Economy Under the Mughals 403 Mughal Culture 404 Toward a New Political Order and Suggested Reading 408 Global Confl ict 447 Discovery 409 Prussia 448 Th e Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs 448 17 Russia Under Catherine the Great 448 THE EAST ASIAN WORLD 410 Enlightened Absolutism Reconsidered 448 Changing Patterns of War: Global China at Its Apex 411 Confrontation 449 From the Ming to the Qing 411 Th e French Revolution 450 Th e Greatness of the Qing 413 Background to the French Revolution 450 Changing China 418 From Estates-General to National Assembly 451 Th e Population Explosion 418 Destruction of the Old Regime 451 Seeds of Industrialization 418 Th e Radical Revolution 453 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Reaction and the Directory 454 The Population Explosion 419 Th e Age of Napoleon 455 Daily Life in Qing China 419 Cultural Developments 420 Domestic Policies 455 Napoleon’s Empire 457 Tokugawa Japan 422 Suggested Reading 460 Th e Th ree Great Unifi ers 422 Discovery 461 Opening to the West 423 Th e Tokugawa “Great Peace” 424 Life in the Village 426 Tokugawa Culture 428 IV Modern Patterns of World Korea and Vietnam 430 History (–) Vietnam: Th e Perils of Empire 431 19 THE BEGINNINGS Suggested Reading 433 OF MODERNIZATION: Discovery 434 INDUSTRIALIZATION 18 AND NATIONALISM THE WEST ON THE IN THE NINETEENTH EVE OF A NEW WORLD CENTURY 464 ORDER 435 Th e Industrial Revolution and Its Impact 465 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: An Intellectual Th e Industrial Revolution in Great Britain 465 Revolution in the West 436 Th e Spread of Industrialization 467 vi DETAILED CONTENTS Limiting the Spread of Industrialization to the Th e Growth of the United States 497 Rest of the World 467 Th e Rise of the United States 497 Th e Social Impact of the Industrial Th e Making of Canada 499 Revolution 467 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Th e Emergence of Mass Society 499 The Industrial Revolution 468 Th e New Urban Environment 500 Th e Social Structure of Mass Society 500 Th e Growth of Industrial Prosperity 469 Th e Experiences of Women 500 New Products 470 Education in an Age of Mass Society 502 New Patterns 471 Leisure in an Age of Mass Society 502 Toward a World Economy 471 Cultural Life: Romanticism and Realism Th e Spread of Industrialization 472 in the Western World 502 Women and Work: New Job Opportunities 473 Organizing the Working Classes 473 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Advice to Women: Two Views 503 Reaction and Revolution: Th e Growth of COMPARATIVE ESSAY The Rise of Nationalism 504 Nationalism 475 Th e Conservative Order 475 Th e Characteristics of Romanticism 504 Forces for Change 475 A New Age of Science 506 Th e Revolutions of 1848 477 Realism in Literature and Art 506 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Response to Revolution: Two Perspectives 478 Cultural Developments 507 A New Physics 507 Nationalism in the Balkans: Th e Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question 479 Sigmund Freud and the Emergence of Psychoanalysis 508 Th e Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and Racism 508 National Unifi cation and the National State, Th e Culture of Modernity 510 1848–1871 479 Suggested Reading 512 Th e Unifi cation of Italy 479 Discovery 513 Th e Unifi cation of Germany 480 Nationalism and Reform: Th e European National State at 21 Mid-Century 481 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM 514 Th e European State, 1871–1914 482 Western Europe: Th e Growth of Political Democracy 483 Th e Spread of Colonial Rule 515 Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order 484 Th e Motives 515 International Rivalries and the Winds of War 484 Th e Tactics 515 Suggested Reading 487 Th e Colonial System 516 Discovery 489 Th e Philosophy of Colonialism 517 20 India Under the British Raj 517 THE AMERICAS AND SOCIETY Colonial Reforms 517 AND CULTURE IN THE OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS White Man’s Burden, Black Man’s Sorrow 518 WEST 490 Th e Costs of Colonialism 519 Latin America in the Nineteenth and Early Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia 520 Twentieth Centuries 491 “Opportunity in the Orient”: Th e Colonial Takeover in Th e Wars for Independence 491 Southeast Asia 520 Th e Diffi culties of Nation Building 494 Th e Nature of Colonial Rule 523 Tradition and Change in the Latin American Economy Empire Building in Africa 525 and Society 495 Political Change in Latin America 496 Th e Growing European Presence in West Africa 525 Imperialist Shadow over the Nile 525 Th e North American Neighbors: Th e United States Arab Merchants and European Missionaries and Canada 497 in East Africa 527 Detailed Contents vii Bantus, Boers, and British in the South 528 Th e Great War 568 FILM & HISTORY 1914–1915: Illusions and Stalemate 568 Khartoum (1966) 528 1916–1917: Th e Great Slaughter 569 Th e Scramble for Africa 529 Th e Widening of the War 572 Colonialism in Africa 531 Th e Home Front: Th e Impact of Total War 573 Th e Emergence of Anticolonialism 533 Crisis in Russia and the End of the War 574 Stirrings of Nationhood 533 Th e Russian Revolution 574 Traditional Resistance: A Precursor to Nationalism 533 Th e Last Year of the War 577 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Th e Peace Settlement 578 To Resist or Not to Resist 535 COMPARATIVE ESSAY An Uncertain Peace 580 Imperialism: The Balance Sheet 536 Th e Search for Security 580 Suggested Reading 538 Th e Great Depression 581 Discovery 539 Th e Democratic States 583 Socialism in Soviet Russia 583 22 SHADOWS OVER THE In Pursuit of a New Reality: Cultural PACIFIC: EAST ASIA UNDER and Intellectual Trends 584 CHALLENGE 540 Nightmares and New Visions 584 COMPARATIVE ESSAY A Revolution in the Arts 585 Th e Decline of the Manchus 541 Probing the Unconscious 585 Opium and Rebellion 541 Eff orts at Reform 544 Suggested Reading 587 Th e Collapse of the Old Order 546 Discovery 588 FILM & HISTORY 24 The Last Emperor (1987) 549 NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION, AND Chinese Society in Transition 550 DICTATORSHIP: ASIA, THE MIDDLE Obstacles to Industrialization 550 EAST, AND LATIN AMERICA FROM Daily Life 551 1919 TO 1939 589 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Imperialism and the Global Th e Rise of Nationalism 590 Environment 552 Modern Nationalism 590 A Rich Country and a Strong State: Th e Rise Gandhi and the Indian National Congress 591 of Modern Japan 553 FILM & HISTORY Gandhi (1982) 593 An End to Isolation 553 Th e Meiji Restoration 554 Th e Nationalist Revolt in the Middle East 594 Joining the Imperialist Club 557 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Islam in the Modern World: Two Views 597 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Two Views of the World 559 Nationalism and Revolution in Asia and Africa 599 Japanese Culture in Transition 560 Revolution in China 601 Th e Meiji Restoration: A Revolution from Above 561 Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy: Th e New Culture Suggested Reading 563 Movement 601 Discovery 564 Th e Nanjing Republic 603 “Down with Confucius and Sons”: Economic, Social, and 23 Cultural Change in Republican China 605 THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY CRISIS: Japan Between the Wars 605 WAR AND REVOLUTION 565 Experiment in Democracy 606 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Out of the Doll’s House 607 Th e Road to World War I 566 A Zaibatsu Economy 608 Nationalism and Internal Dissent 566 Shidehara Diplomacy 609 Militarism 566 Th e Outbreak of War: Summer 1914 566 Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America 609 viii DETAILED CONTENTS A Changing Economy 609 Th e Truman Doctrine 646 Th e Eff ects of Dependence 609 Th e Marshall Plan 647 Latin American Culture 611 Europe Divided 647 Suggested Reading 613 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Who Started the Cold War? American Discovery 615 and Soviet Perspectives 648 25 THE CRISIS DEEPENS: Cold War in Asia 651 WORLD WAR II 616 Th e Chinese Civil War 651 Th e New China 653 Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes 617 Th e Korean War 654 Th e Birth of Fascism 617 Confl ict in Indochina 655 Hitler and Nazi Germany 618 From Confrontation to Coexistence 656 Th e Stalinist Era in the Soviet Union 619 Ferment in Eastern Europe 656 Th e Rise of Militarism in Japan 620 Rivalry in the Th ird World 658 Th e Path to War 620 Th e Cuban Missile Crisis and the Move Toward Détente 658 Th e Path to War in Europe 620 FILM & HISTORY OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Missiles of October (1973) 659 The Munich Conference 621 Th e Sino-Soviet Dispute 660 Th e Path to War in Asia 622 Th e Second Indochina War 660 World War II 624 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Peaceful Coexistence or People’s War? 661 Europe at War 624 Japan at War 624 An Era of Equivalence 663 Th e Turning Point of the War, 1942–1943 626 Th e Brezhnev Doctrine 663 Th e Last Years of the War 626 An Era of Détente 664 Th e New Order 629 Renewed Tensions in the Th ird World 665 Th e New Order in Europe 629 Countering the Evil Empire 665 Th e Holocaust 629 Toward a New World Order 666 Th e New Order in Asia 631 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Global Village or Clash of Th e Home Front 631 Civilizations? 667 Mobilizing the People: Th ree Examples 631 Suggested Reading 668 FILM & HISTORY Europa, Europa (1990) 632 Discovery 670 COMPARATIVE ESSAY 27 Paths to Modernization 634 BRAVE NEW WORLD: Th e Frontline Civilians: Th e Bombing of Cities 635 COMMUNISM ON TRIAL 671 Aft ermath of the War 635 Th e Postwar Soviet Union 672 Th e Costs of World War II 636 From Stalin to Khrushchev 672 Th e Allied War Conferences 637 Th e Brezhnev Years (1964–1982) 674 Suggested Reading 639 Cultural Expression in the Soviet Bloc 676 Discovery 641 Th e Disintegration of the Soviet Empire 678 V Toward a Global Civilization? Th e Gorbachev Era 678 Eastern Europe: From Satellites to Sovereign Nations 679 The World Since 26 Th e East Is Red: China Under Communism 680 EAST AND WEST IN THE GRIP New Democracy 681 OF THE COLD WAR 644 Th e Transition to Socialism 681 Th e Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 681 Th e Collapse of the Grand Alliance 645 From Mao to Deng 682 Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe 645 Incident at Tiananmen Square 683 Descent of the Iron Curtain 645 A Return to Confucius? 684 Detailed Contents ix
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