The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases

584 Pages·2006·7.145 MB·English

by  B.M. Cooke

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PLANT DISEASES
Second Edition
The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases
Second Edition
Edited by
B.M. COOKE
University College Dublin, Ireland
D. GARETH JONES
and
B. KAYE
University College Dublin, Ireland
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-4580-8 (PB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4580-6 (PB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-4579-4 (HB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4579-0 (HB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-4581-6 (e-books)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4581-3 (e-books)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2006 Springer
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
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and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed in the Netherlands.
CONTENTS

List of Contributors xi

Preface xv

Part One: Principles and Methods

1 Plant disease diagnosis 1
R.T.V. Fox and H.P. Narra

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Choice of diagnostic 3
1.3 Diagnosis by conventional techniques 4
1.4 Use of immunological reactions 7
1.5 Methods based on the nucleic acids of pathogens 15
1.6 Future trends in diagnosis 28
References 32

2 Disease assessment and yield loss 43
B.M. Cooke

2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Why assess disease and yield loss in plants? 44
2.3 Methods used in sampling plants for disease 44
2.4 Timing and frequency of disease assessment 46
2.5 Methods of disease assessment 51
2.6 Assessment of yield loss 67
2.7 Conclusions and future developments 73
References 75

3 Surveys of variation in virulence and fungicide resistance and their
application to disease control 81
James K.M. Brown

3.1 Introduction 81
3.2 Characterising individual pathogens 81
3.3 Populations and samples 88
3.4 Molecular detection of virulence and fungicide resistance 91
3.5 Characterising pathogen populations 96
3.6 Applications of pathogen survey data 100
vi CONTENTS

3.7 Dissemination of survey results 107
3.8 Pathogen surveys and disease management 109
Acknowledgement 109
References 110

4 Infection strategies of plant parasitic fungi 117
C. Struck

4.1 Introduction 117
4.2 The pre-penetration phase 118
4.3 Entering the plant tissue 120
4.4 Strategies for colonizing the host tissue 126
4.5 Concluding remarks 131
References 131

5 Epidemiological consequences of plant disease resistance 139
M.L. Deadman

5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 Horizontal resistance 140
5.3 Vertical resistance 145
5.4 Cultivar mixtures 148
5.5 Induced resistance 150
5.6 Non-host immunity 153
5.7 Tolerance 153
References 156

6 Dispersal of foliar plant pathogens: mechanisms, gradients
and spatial patterns 159
H.A. McCartney, B.D.L. Fitt and J.S. West

6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Underlying mechanisms: spore dispersal 160
6.3 Spore deposition and disease gradients 174
6.4 Disease spread: modelling development of foci 180
6.5 Conclusions 185
Acknowledgements 185
References 186
CONTENTS vii
7 Pathogen population dynamics 193
M.W. Shaw

7.1 Introduction 193
7.2 The measurement of populations 193
7.3 Time-scales 195
7.4 Changes in populations 196
7.5 Density-dependent and density independent factors 197
7.6 Short-term change in a static host population 197
7.7 Affected host tissue and pathogen multiply at comparable rates 201
7.8 Changes over time-scales longer than either crop or pathogen
lifetime 202
7.9 Spatial population structure 208
Appendix 7A 211
References 211

8 Modelling and interpreting disease progress in time 215
Xiangming Xu

8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 General considerations 216
8.3 Analysing individual epidemics 217
8.4 Reducing data dimension 226
8.5 Comparing epidemics 229
8.6 Concluding remarks 235
References 235

9 Disease forecasting 239
N.V. Hardwick

9.1 Introduction 239
9.2 What is forecasting? 240
9.3 Polycyclic and monocyclic diseases 242
9.4 Equipment 242
9.5 Forecasting schemes 243
9.6 Potatoes 244
9.7 Cereals 251
9.8 Oilseed rape 258
9.9 Conclusions 260
References 264
viii CONTENTS

10 Diversification strategies 269
Maria R. Finckh and Martin S. Wolfe

10.1 Introduction 269
10.2 Definitions 271
10.3 Benefits from spacial diversification: small-scale 273
10.4 Benefits of diversification in time (crop rotation) 285
10.5 Diversity and interactions 287
10.6 Responses of pest and pathogen populations to
diversification strategies 288
10.7 Diversification strategies in practice 293
10.8 Conclusions 296
References 297

11 Epidemiology in sustainable systems 309
R.J. Cook and D.J. Yarham

11.1 Introduction 309
11.2 Inoculum 310
11.3 Disease development 319
11.4 Control strategies 324
11.5 Conclusions 330
Acknowledgement 331
References 332

12 Information technology in plant disease epidemiology 335
Adrian Newton, Neil McRoberts and Gareth Hughes

12.1 Introduction 335
12.2 Definition of information technology in plant disease epidemiology 336
12.3 The world according to ‘Google’ 337
12.4 Real world data capture 339
12.5 Information accumulation or dissemination? 340
12.6 Bringing together disciplines 342
12.7 Models, expert systems and decision support systems 343
12.8 Some examples of DSS 345
12.9 Disease forecasting and decision making in an information
theory framework 346
12.10 Where next? 354
12.11 Conclusions 355
Acknowledgements 355
References 356
CONTENTS ix

Part Two: Case Examples

13 Seedborne diseases 357
W.J. Rennie and Valerie Cockerell

13.1 Introduction 357
13.2 Epidemiology 358
13.3 Case studies 361
13.4 Future developments 368
References 369

14 Diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens 373
P. Lucas

14.1 Introduction 373
14.2 The soil-borne disease epidemic 374
14.3 Modelling soil-borne disease epidemiology 379
14.4 Conclusion 384
References 384

15 Wind-dispersed diseases 387
B. Hau and C. de Vallavieille-Pope

15.1 Introduction 387
15.2 Meteorological and biotic effects on the phases of the asexual
life cycle 388
15.3 Survival and sexual state 402
15.4 Population dynamics 404
15.5 Concluding remarks 406
References 408

16 Environmental biophysics applied to the dispersal of fungal
spores by rain-splash 417
L. Huber, L. Madden and B.D.L. Fitt

16.1 Introduction 417
16.2 Removal of spores by splash of single incident drops 417
16.3 From a single impacting raindrop to splash droplets 419
16.4 Influence of target characteristics on splash parameters 425
16.5 Relevant characteristics of rainfall-canopy interactions 430
16.6 Characterizing rainfall in relation to splash-dispersed
pathogen diseases 435
16.7 Concluding remarks 439
References 441
x CONTENTS

17 Potato late blight 445
Eduardo S.G. Mizubuti and William E. Fry

17.1 Introduction 445
17.2 Population biology of P. infestans 446
17.3 Pathogen biology 450
17.4 Late blight management 457
17.5 Concluding remarks 464
References 465

18 Apple scab: role of environment in pathogen and
epidemic development 473
A.L. Jones and G.W. Sundin

18.1 Introduction 473
18.2 Aetiology of apple scab 473
18.3 Predicting apple scab risk based on the physical environment 475
18.4 Predicting apple scab risk based on primary inoculum levels 481
18.5 Summary 485
Acknowledgement 486
References 486

19 Onion diseases 491
R.B. Maude

19.1 Introduction: world onions 491
19.2 Onion diseases 493
19.3 Case histories: seedborne diseases 493
19.4 Case histories: foliar diseases 497
19.5 Case histories: soilborne diseases 506
19.6 Concluding remarks 512
Acknowledgements 513
References 513

20 The recent epidemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda 521
G.W. Otim-Nape and J.M. Thresh

20.1 Introduction 521
20.2 Cassava and cassava mosaic disease in Africa 522
20.3 Cassava and cassava mosaic disease in Uganda 525
20.4 The 1990s epidemic in Uganda 526
20.5 General epidemiological features of cassava mosaic disease 544
References 546

Index 551