The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases

479 Pages·1998·12.357 MB·English

by  D. Gareth Jones (auth.), D. Gareth Jones (eds.)

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF
PLANT DISEASES
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF
PLANT DISEASES
Edited by
D. GARETH JONES
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-94-017-3304-5 ISBN 978-94-017-3302-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-3302-1
AH Rights Reserved
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998
Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1998
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Contents
Colour plates appear between pages 160 and 161
List of Contributors xi
List of colour plates xiv
Preface xv
Part One: Principles and Methods 1
1 An introduction to plant disease epidemiology 3
D. Gareth Jones
2 Plant disease diagnosis 14
RT.V. Fox
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Choice of diagnostic 16
2.3 Diagnosis by conventional techniques 17
2.4 Use of immunological reactions 20
2.5 Methods based on the nucleic acids of pathogens 27
2.6 Future trends in diagnosis 32
References 36
3 Disease assessment and yield loss 42
B.M. Cooke
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Why assess disease and yield loss in plants? 43
3.3 Methods used in sampling plants for disease 43
3.4 Timing and frequency of disease assessment 45
3.5 Methods of disease assessment 49
3.6 Assessment of yield loss 61
3.7 Conclusions and future developments 67
References 68
4 Surveys of variation in pathogen populations and their application
to disease control 73
J.K.M. Brown
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Characterizing individual pathogens 73
4.3 Populations and samples 81
vi Contents
4.4 Characterizing pathogen populations 84
4.5 Applications of pathogen survey data 88
4.6 Uses of molecular marker data in pathogen surveys 94
4.7 Pathogen surveys and disease management 96
Acknowledgement 97
References 97
5 Infection strategies 103
C. Struck and K. Mendgen
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Attachment of fungal spores 104
5.3 Germination process: influence of environmental conditions 105
5.4 Entering the plant tissue 107
5.5 Strategies for colonization of host tissue 113
5.6 Conclusions 116
Acknowledgement 117
References 117
6 Epidemiological consequences of plant disease resistance 123
M.L. Deadman
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 Horizontal resistance 124
6.3 Vertical resistance 128
6.4 Cultivar mixtures 130
6.5 Induced resistance 131
6.6 Non-host immunity 133
6.7 Tolerance 133
6.8 Cultural resistance 134
6.9 The future 134
References 135
7 Dispersal of foliar fungal plant pathogens: mechanisms, gradients
and spatial patterns 138
H.A. McCartney and BD.L. Fitt
7.1 Introduction 138
7.2 Underlying mechanisms: spore dispersal 139
7.3 Spore deposition and disease gradients 147
7.4 Disease spread: modelling development of foci 154
7.5 Conclusions 156
Acknowledgements 156
References 156
8 Pathogen population dynamics 161
M.W. Shaw
8.1 Introduction 161
8.2 The measurement of populations 161
Contents vii
8.3 Time-scales 162
8.4 Changes in populations 164
8.5 Density-dependent and density-independent factors 164
8.6 Short-term change in a static host population 165
8.7 Affected host tissue and pathogen multiply at comparable rates 168
8.8 Changes over time-scales longer than either crop or pathogen
lifetime 169
8.9 Spatial population structure 175
Appendix 8A 177
References 177
9 Disease progress in time: modelling and data analysis 181
C. Lee Campbell
9.1 Early contributions to modelling and data analysis 181
9.2 The contributions of Van der Plank 182
9.3 Using simple methods for describing and comparing disease
progress data 183
9.4 Additions and alterations to growth curve model to represent
epidemics more completely 190
9.5 Comparative epidemiology 196
9.6 Epilogue 201
References 202
10 Disease forecasting 207
N. V. Hardwick
10.1 Introduction 207
10.2 What is forecasting? 208
10.3 Polycyclic and monocyclic diseases 209
10.4 Equipment 210
10.5 Forecasting schemes 210
10.6 Potatoes 211
10.7 Cereals 217
10.8 Oilseed rape 223
10.9 Conclusions 224
References 227
11 Diversification strategies 231
M.R. Finckh and M.S. Wolfe
11.1 Introduction 231
11.2 Definitions 232
11.3 Benefits from spatial diversification: small-scale 234
11.4 Benefits from spatial diversification: large-scale 243
11.5 Benefits of diversification in time (crop rotation) 243
11.6 Population genetic interactions in diversified systems 245
viii Contents
11.7 Diversification strategies in practice 249
11.8 Conclusions 251
References 251
12 Epidemiology in sustainable systems 260
R.I. Cook and D.J. Yarham
12.1 Introduction 260
12.2 Inoculum 261
12.3 Disease development 266
12.4 Control strategies 272
12.5 Conclusions 273
References 274
13 Information technology in epidemiology 278
A.c. Newton and R.E. Gaunt
13.1 Introduction 278
13.2 Definition of information technology in plant pathology 279
13.3 Recent developments 279
13.4 Information technology relevant to epidemiology 283
13.5 Some examples 285
13.6 Current trends in technology 288
13.7 The future 289
13.8 In conclusion 291
Acknowledgements 292
References 292
Part Two: Case Examples
14 Seedborne diseases 295
w.I. Rennie
14.1 Introduction 295
14.2 Epidemiology 295
14.3 Case studies 298
14.4 Future developments 304
References 305
15 Diseases caused by soilborne pathogens 308
D. Hornby
15.1 Introduction 308
15.2 The root disease epidemic: general 308
15.3 The root disease epidemic: components 310
15.4 Factors affecting epidemics 316
15.5 Experimental epidemiology 317
15.6 Using epidemiological knowledge 319
Acknowledgements 320
References 320
Contents ix
16 Wind-dispersed diseases 323
B. Hau and C. de Vallavieille-Pope
16.1 Introduction 323
16.2 Meteorological and biotic effects on the phases of the
asexual life cycle 324
16.3 Survival and sexual state 336
16.4 Population dynamics 337
16.5 Concluding remarks 339
References 341
17 Rain-splash and spore dispersal: a physical perspective 348
L. Huber, L. V. Madden and B.D.L. Fitt
17.1 Introduction 348
17.2 Removal of fungal spores by splash of single incident drops 348
17.3 From a single impacting raindrop to splash droplets 350
17.4 The influence of target characteristics on splash parameters 353
17.5 Relevant rainfall properties above and within plant canopies 358
17.6 Characterizing rainfall in relation to splash-dispersed
pathogen diseases 362
17.7 Concluding remarks 367
Acknowledgements 368
References 368
18 Potato late blight 371
W.E. Fry and E.S. Mizubuti
18.1 Introduction 371
18.2 Population genetics of Phytophthora infestans 372
18.3 Epidemiology 375
18.4 Disease management 382
References 384
19 Apple scab: role of environment in pathogen and epidemic
development 389
A.L. Jones
19.1 Introduction 389
19.2 Aetiology of apple scab 389
19.3 Predicting apple scab risk based on the physical environment 390
19.4 Predicting apple scab risk based on primary inoculum levels 395
19.5 Summary 399
Acknowledgement 400
References 400
20 Onion diseases 404
R.B. Maude
20.1 Introduction: world onions 404
20.2 Onion diseases 405
x Contents
20.3 Case histories: seedborne diseases 405
20.4 Case histories: foliar diseases 409
20.5 Case histories: soilborne diseases 413
20.6 Concluding remarks 418
Acknowledgements 419
References 419
21 The current pandemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda 423
G. W. Otim-Nape and J.M. Thresh
21.1 Introduction 423
21.2 Cassava and cassava mosaic disease in Africa 424
21.3 Cassava and cassava mosaic disease in Uganda 426
21.4 The current pandemic in Uganda 428
21.5 General epidemiological features of cassava mosaic disease 440
References 441
Index 444
Contributors
James K.M. Brown Bruce Fitt
Cereals Research Department IACR-Rothamsted
John Innes Centre Harpenden
Colney Lane Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ
Norwich NR4 7UH UK
UK
Roland T.V. Fox
C. Lee Campbell
School of Plant Sciences
Department of Plant Pathology
The University of Reading
North Carolina State University
2 Earley Gate
Raleigh NC 27695-7616
Reading RG6 6AU
USA
UK
Robert J. Cook
Morley Research Centre William E. Fry
Wymondham Plant Pathology Department
Norfolk NR18 9DB Cornell University
UK 334 Plant Science Building
Ithaca NY 14853
B.M.Cooke USA
Department of Environmental Resource
Management
Roy E. Gaunt
Faculty of Agriculture
Department of Plant Science
University College Dublin
PO Box 84
Belfield
Lincoln University
Dublin 4
New Zealand
Ireland
M.L. Deadman Nigel V. Hardwick
Central Science Laboratory
Department of Agriculture
Sand Hutton
The University of Reading
York Y041 1LZ
1 Earley Gate
UK
Reading RG6 6AT
UK
Bernhard Hau
Maria R. Finckh Institut fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und
Institute of Plant Sciences Pflanzenschutz
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Universitat Hannover
UniversWitsstrasse 2 Herrenhauser Str. 2
8092 Zurich D-30419 Hannover
Switzerland Germany