The Enzymes of Biological Membranes: Volume 4 Bioenergetics of Electron and Proton Transport

604 Pages·1985·14.477 MB·English

by  Youssef Hatefi, C. Ian Ragan, Yves M. Galante (auth.), Anthony N. Martonosi (eds.)

The Enzymes of
Biological Membranes
SECOND EDITION
Volume 4
Bioenergetics of
Electron and Proton Transport
THE ENZYMES OF BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
Second Edition
Volume 1: Membrane Structure and Dynamics
Volume 2: Biosynthesis and Metabolism
Volume 3: Membrane Transport
Volume 4: Bioenergetics of Electron and Proton Transport
The Enzymes of
Biological Membranes
SECOND EDITION
Volume 4
Bioenergetics of
Electron and Proton Transport
Edited by
Anthony N. Martanas;
State University oj New York
Syracuse, New York
Springer Science +B usiness Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
The Enzymes of biological membranes.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Contents: v. I. Membrane structure and dynamics -v. 4. Bioenergetics of
electron and proton transport.
I. Membranes (Biology)-Collected works. 2. Enzymes-Collected works. I. Mar
tonosi, Anthony, 1928-
QH60I.E58 1984 574.87'5 84-8423
ISBN 978-1-4684-4606-7 ISBN 978-1-4684-4604-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-4604-3
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1985
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York 1985
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Adolph Abrams, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Genetics, University
of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262
Nazhmutdin G. Abdulaev, Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, USSR Acad
emy of Sciences, Moscow V-334, USSR
M. G. Clark, Division of Human Nutrition, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization, Adelaide, Australia
F. L. Crane, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana 47906
Antony R. Crofts, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois 61801
Edmund W. Czerwinski, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Human Biological
Chemistry and Genetics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
77550
Yves M. Galante, Recordati, SpA, Milan 20148, Italy
Toshiro Hamamoto, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical School, Minamika
wachi-machi, Tochigi-ken 329-04, Japan
Matthew A. Harmey, Department of Botany, University College Dublin, Dublin,
Ireland
Youssef Hateji, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic and Clinical Research,
Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037
Yasuo Kagawa, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi
machi, Tochigi-ken 329-04, Japan
Martin Klingenberg, Institut flir Physikalische Biochemie der Universitat Munchen,
8000 Munchen 2, West Germany
Kevin Leonard, Institut fur Biochemie der Universitiit Dusseldorf, West Germany;
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, West Germany.
Anthony W. Linnane, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Vic
toria, Australia 3168
H. Low, Endocrinology Department, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Henry R. Mahler, Department of Chemistry, and Program in Molecular, Cellular and
Developmental Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
Sangkot Marzuki, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria,
Australia 3168
F. Scott Mathews, Departments of Physiology and Biophysics and Biological Chem
istry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
Richard E. McCarty, Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Division
of Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
James V. Moroney, Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Division
of Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
Walter Neupert, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, West
Gennany
furi A. Ovchinnikov, Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, USSR Academy
of Sciences, Moscow V-334, USSR
Timo Penttilii, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, SF-00170
Helsinki 17, Finland
Stephen J. Perkins, Institut fur Biochemie der Universitat Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf,
West Gennany; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, West Ger
many.
Philip S. Perlman, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, and
Department of Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
Ian Ragan, Department of Biochemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton
S09 3TU, United Kingdom
Rona R. Ramsay, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California
at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143; and Molecular Biology Division,
Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121
Matti Saraste, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, SF-00170
Helsinki 17, Finland
Thomas P. Singer, Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and of Biochemistry
and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
94143; and Molecular Biology Division, Veterans Administration Medical Center,
San Francisco, California 94121
Banns Weiss, Institut fur Biochemie der Universitat Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, West
Gennany; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, West Gennany.
Marten Wikstrom, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, SF-
00 170 Helsinki 17, Finland /
Robert J. P. Williams, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OXI 3QR, England
Preface to the Second Edition
In the first edition of The Enzymes ofB iological Membranes, published in four volumes
in 1976, we collected the mass of widely scattered information on membrane-linked
enzymes and metabolic processes up to about 1975. This was a period of transition
from the romantic phase of membrane biochemistry, preoccupied with conceptual
developments and the general properties of membranes, to an era of mounting interest
in the specific properties of membrane-linked enzymes analyzed from the viewpoints
of modem enzymology. The level of sophistication in various areas of membrane
research varied widely; the structures of cytochrome c and cytochrome bs were known
to atomic detail, while the majority of membrane-linked enzymes had not even been
isolated.
In the intervening eight years our knowledge of membrane-linked enzymes ex
panded beyond the wildest expectations. The purpose of the second edition of The
Enzymes of Biological Membranes is to record these developments. The first volume
describes the physical and chemical techniques used in the analysis of the structure
and dynamics of biological membranes. In the second volume the enzymes and met
abolic systems that participate in the biosynthesis of cell and membrane components
are discussed. The third and fourth volumes review recent developments in active
transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and photosynthesis.
The topics of each volume represent a coherent group in an effort to satisfy
specialized interests, but this subdivision is to some extent arbitrary. Several subjects
of the first edition were omitted either because they were extensively reviewed recently
or because there was not sufficient new information to warrant review at this time.
New chapters cover areas where major advances have taken place in recent years. As
a result, the second edition is a fundamentally new treatise that faithfully and critically
reflects the major transformation and progress of membrane biochemistry in the last
eight years. For a deeper insight into membrane function, the coverage includes not
only well-defined enzymes, but several membrane proteins with noncatalytic functions.
vii
viii PREFACE
We hope that The Enzymes of Biological Membranes will catalyze the search for
general principles that may lead to better understanding of the structure and function
of membrane proteins. We ask for your comments and criticisms that may help us to
achieve this aim.
My warmest thanks to all who contributed to this work.
Anthony N. Martonosi
Syracuse, New York
Contents of Volume
4
46. The Enzymes and the Enzyme Complexes of the Mitochondrial Oxidative
Phosphorylation System
Youssef Hatefi, C. Ian Ragan, and Yves M. Galante
I. Introduction........................................... 1
II. Complex I (NADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase) ............. 6
A. Composition of Complex I 7 • B. Enzymic Properties of Complex
I 9 • C. Spectroscopic Properties of Complex I to • D. Resolution of
Complex I 11 • E. Structure of Complex I 16 • F. Mechanism of
Action of Complex I 18
III. Complex II (Succinate-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase) .......... 20
A. Composition of Complex II 20 • B. Succinate
Dehydrogenase 20 • C. Cytochrome bS60 23 • D. Activities of Complex
II 25 • E. Ubiquinone-Binding Proteins 27
IV. Complex III (Ubiquinol-Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase) ....... 28
A. Composition and Structure of Complex III 28 • B. Mechanism of
Action of Complex III 32 • C. Inhibitors of Complex III 35
V. Complex IV (Ferrocytochrome c-Oxygen Oxidoreductase) ..... 35
VI. Complex V (ATP Synthase) .............................. 36
A. Isolation of Complex V 36 • B. Composition of Complex
V 37 • C. Structure of Complex V 39 • D. Role of the Subunits of
Complex V 40 • E. Activities of Complex V 46
VII. Mechanisms of ATP Hydrolysis and Synthesis ........... ,... 47
A. Mechanistic Considerations 47 • B. Structure of the ATPase Active
Site 51 • C. The Nature of the "High-Energy" Intermediate 52
VIII. Arrangement of Proteins in the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane 54
References ............................................ 56
47. Proton Diffusion and the Bioenergies of Enzymes in Membranes
Robert 1. P. Williams
I. Introduction........................................... 71
A. Chemiosmosis and Local Domains 71
II. Proton Diffusion ....................................... 74
A. Models 74 • B. Summary of Inorganic Proton Channels 81
ix
x CONTENTS
III. The Injection of Protons to a Channel ...................... 81
IV. Biological Proton Channels: Introduction ................... 83
A. Light-Activated Proton Migration 84 • B. Redox-Activated Proton
Channels 86 • C. Gates 89 • D. The ATP-Synthase 93
V. The Kinases and ATP-Synthase: The F, Unit ................ 100
A. Calcium-Binding Proteins-Energy Transfer 100 • B. The Energization
of FoF, 101 • C. The ATP-ADP Reaction 102
VI. Proton Transfer from Generator to ATP-Synthase ............ 104
References ............................................ 107
48. Relationships between Structure and Function in Cytochrome Oxidase
Marten Wikstrom, Matti Saraste, and Timo Penttilii
I. Introduction and Scope ............................. .... . 111
II. Composition of the Enzyme ............................. . 112
A. The Prosthetic Groups 1I2 • B. The Apoprotein 1I4
III. Quaternary Structure ................................... . 114
IV. The Mitochondrially Coded Subunits ...................... . 117
V. Cytoplasmic Subunits .................................. . 119
VI. Location and Structure of the Prosthetic Groups ............. . 123
A. Copper of Subunit II 123 • B. Heme of Subunit II 126 • C. Heme
and Copper of Subunit I 128
VII. The Binding of Cytochrome c ........................... . 133
VIII. The Mechanism of Reduction of Dioxygen ................. . 134
IX. Electron Transfer, Proton Translocation, and Subunit III ...... . 136
A. Electron Transfer 137 • B. Proton Translocation and the Role of
Subunit III 137 • C. Structure and Possible Function of Subunit
III 139 • D. On Possible Mechanisms of Proton Translocation 140
X. Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 142
References ............................................ 142
49. H+ -ATPase as an Energy-Converting Enzyme
Toshiro Hamamoto and Yasuo Kagawa
I. Introduction........................................... 149
II. General Properties ...................................... 150
A. Distribution 151 • B. Isolation 153 • C. Structure 154
D. Reconstitution from Subunits 156
III. Reconstitution into Lipid Bilayers ......................... 158
A. Phospholipids 158 • B. Proteoliposomes 158
IV. Ligand-Binding Activity ................................. 159
A. Nucleotide Binding 159 • B. Inhibitors 160