The Environment in Anthropology: A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable Living PDF
Preview The Environment in Anthropology: A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable Living
The Environment in Anthropology The Environment in Anthropology A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable Living e d i t e d b y Nora Haenn and Richard R. Wilk a New York University Press n e w y o r k a n d l o n d o n n e w y o r k u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s New York and London www.nyu press.org © 2006 by New York University All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The environment in anthropology: a reader in ecology, culture, and sustainable living / edited by Nora Haenn and Richard Wilk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–8147–3637–8 (alk . paper) — ISBN 0–8147–3636–X (cloth: alk . paper) 1. Human ecology. 2. Applied anthropology. I. Haenn, Nora, 1967– II. Wilk, Richard R. GF8.E58 2005 304.2–dc22 2005050525 New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. Manufactured in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Acknowledgments ix General Introduction to the Reader 1 s e c t i o n 1 : Theoretical Foundations 3 1 The Concept and Method of Cultural Ecology 5 Julian Steward 2 Smallholders, Householders 10 Robert Netting 3 Ecosystem Ecology in Biology and Anthropology 15 Emilio Moran 4 Gender and the Environment: A Feminist Political Ecology Perspective 27 Dianne Rocheleau, Barbara Thomas-Slayter, and Esther Wangari 5 A View from a Point: Ethnoecology as Situated Knowledge 34 Virginia D. Nazarea 6 The New Ecological Anthropology 40 Conrad P. Kottak 7 Normative Behavior 53 I. G. Simmons s e c t i o n 2 : Population 73 8 Some Perspectives and Implications 75 Ester Boserup 9 Beyond Malthus: Sixteen Dimensions of the Population Problem 80 Lester Brown, Gary Gardner, and Brian Halweil 10 Reproductive Mishaps and Western Contraception: An African Challenge to Fertility Theory 87 Caroline Bledsoe, Fatoumatta Banja, and Allan G. Hill v vi Contents 11 Gender, Population, Environment 113 Sally Ethelston 12 The Environment as Geopolitical Threat: Reading Robert Kaplan’s “Coming Anarchy” 118 Simon Dalby s e c t i o n 3 : Large-Scale Economic Development 137 13 Energy and Tools 139 Leslie White 14 The Growth of World Urbanism 145 Charles Redman 15 The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development” and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho 163 James Ferguson with Larry Lohmann 16 Income Levels and the Environment 173 Wilfred Beckerman 17 Staying Alive: Women, Ecology, and Development 183 Vandana Shiva 18 Measuring up to Sustainability 191 Alan Fricker s e c t i o n 4 : Conserving Biodiversity 203 19 The Third Stage of Ecological Anthropology: Processual Approaches 205 Ben Orlove 20 Conflicts over Development and Environmental Values: The International Ivory Trade in Zimbabwe’s Historical Context 215 Kevin A. Hill 21 The Power of Environmental Knowledge: Ethnoecology and Environmental Conflicts in Mexican Conservation 226 Nora Haenn 22 Holding Ground 237 Kent Redford, Katrina Brandon, and Steven Sanderson 23 Does Biodiversity Exist? 243 Arturo Escobar 24 Road Kill in Cameroon 246 Michael McRae Contents vii s e c t i o n 5 : Managing The Environment 255 25 On Environmentality: Geo-Power and Eco-Knowledge in the Discourses of Contemporary Environmentalism 257 Timothy W. Luke 26 Radical Ecology and Conservation Science: An Australian Perspective 270 Libby Robin 27 The Political Ecology of Deforestation in Honduras 284 Susan C. Stonich and Billie R. DeWalt 28 Peasants and Global Environmentalism 302 Akhil Gupta 29 New World, New Deal: A Democratic Approach to Globalization 325 W. Bowman Cutter, Joan Spero, and Laura D’Andrea Tyson 30 Individualism, Holism, and Environmental Ethics 336 Kristin Shrader-Frechette s e c t i o n 6 : Indigenous Groups 349 31 Cultural Theory and Environmentalism 351 Kay Milton 32 The Benefits of the Commons 355 F. Berkes, D. Feeny, B. J. McCay, and J. M. Acheson 33 Indigenous Initiatives and Petroleum Politics in the Ecuadorian Amazon 361 Suzana Sawyer 34 Endangered Forest, Endangered People: Environmentalist Representations of Indigenous Knowledge 367 J. Peter Brosius 35 Tribal Whaling Poses New Threat 386 Will Anderson 36 On the Importance of Being Tribal: Tribal Wisdom 390 David Maybury-Lewis s e c t i o n 7 : Consumption and Globalization 401 37 How Do We Know We Have Global Environmental Problems? Science and the Globalization of Environmental Discourse 407 Peter J. Taylor and Frederick H. Buttel 38 The Ecology of Global Consumer Culture 418 Richard R. Wilk viii Contents 39 A World without Boundaries: The Body Shop’s Trans/National Geographics 430 Caren Kaplan 40 The Invisible Giant: Cargill and Its Transnational Strategies 443 Brewster Kneen 41 Treading Lightly? Ecotourism’s Impact on the Environment 449 Martha Honey 42 Voluntary Simplicity and the New Global Challenge 458 Duane Elgin Contributors 469 Index 475 Acknowledgments The editors express gratitude to the people whose advice and help at critical points in the project helped the volume come to fruition. Leanne Nash, Catherine Tucker, Glenn Stone, Dick Norgaard, as well as reviewers for New York University Press, pointed us to useful publications. Nora Haenn worked on the reader as a Mellon Foundation Fellow in Anthropology and Demography while at the Carolina Population Center, Univer- sity of North Carolina. In addition to the Foundation, she thanks the Carolina Popu- lation Center for building such a supportive research atmosphere. In particular, many thanks go to Dick Bilsborrow who facilitated the fellowship. Center staff Laurie Lead- better and Judy Dye helped with bibliographic materials. Graphics savant Tom Swasey assisted with the charts depicting global trade trends. At the University of North Car- olina’s Davis Library, Rita Moss was a patient guide through the multitude of publica- tions offering information on international trade. Sarah Willie, at Indiana University, undertook invaluable work on copyright permissions which moved the publication over its final hurdle. Eric Zinner at New York University Press showed immediate enthusiasm for the project, and we thank him for seeing the volume’s potential from its earliest stages. Despina Papazoslou Gimbel brought the project through the home stretch. Finally, our deepest gratitude goes to family and friends who, by making our lives possible, make the work possible. Academic lives are often multi-sited, and this par- ticular project followed the editors from California and Arizona to Indiana and North Carolina. Family and friends bring these places together into a single home. Nora thanks Luis Melodelgado, Grace Haenn, and the entire Haenn clan. Rick thanks Elvia Pyburn-Wilk and Anne Pyburn. ix
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