The Entomological Guide to Rhipicephalus

419 Pages·2021·9.458 MB·English

by  Sachin Kumar

INSECTS AND OTHER TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS:
BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR

T E G
HE NTOMOLOGICAL UIDE
TO RHIPICEPHALUS

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I O
NSECTS AND THER
T A :
ERRESTRIAL RTHROPODS
B , C B
IOLOGY HEMISTRY AND EHAVIOR

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under the Series tab.
INSECTS AND OTHER TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS:
BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR

T E G
HE NTOMOLOGICAL UIDE
TO RHIPICEPHALUS

SACHIN KUMAR
RAQUEL COSSIO BAYUGAR
ANIL KUMAR SHARMA
ESTEFHAN MIRANDA MIRANDA
AND
ASHOK KUMAR CHAUBEY
EDITORS
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN: 978-1-53619-635-1
Names: Kumar, Sachin (Veterinary research), editor.
Title: The entomological guide to rhipicephalus / Sachin Kumar, Raquel
Cossio Bayugar, Anil Kumar Sharma, Estefhan Miranda Miranda, Ashok Kumar
Chaubey, editors.
Description: New York : Nova Science Publishers, [2021] | Series: Insects
and other terrestrial arthropods: biology, chemistry and behavior |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2021019806 (print) | LCCN 2021019807 (ebook) | ISBN
9781536196191 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781536196351 (adobe pdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Rhipicephalus. | Tick-borne diseases in animals. |
Ticks--Control.
Classification: LCC QL458.2.I9 E58 2021 (print) | LCC QL458.2.I9 (ebook)
| DDC 595.4/29--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021019806
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021019807

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii
About the Editors xv
Chapter 1 Biology, Ecology and Importance of Rhipicephalus Ticks in Brazil 1
Renato Andreotti, Marcos Valério Garcia,
Leandro de Oliveira Souza Higa
and Francisco Tobias Barradas Piña
Chapter 2 Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Diseases 15
Adil Khan, Ijaz Ali, Zia Ur Rahman, Furhan Iqbal,
Nasreen Nasreen and Sadaf Niaz
Chapter 3 Ticks and Tick Borne Diseases in Pakistan 49
Asia Parveen, Sehrish Ashraf, Adil Khan, Muhammad Asif
and Furhan Iqbal
Chapter 4 Current Status of Tick-Borne Diseases in India 81
Sachin Kumar, Anil Kumar Sharma, Gajanan M. Chigure
,
Ashok K. Chaubey and Srikanta Ghosh
Chapter 5 Integrated Tick Management 101
Muhammad Arfan Zaman and Uzma Mehreen
Chapter 6 Livestock Breeding Intervention to Control Tick-
and Tick-Borne Diseases in Tropics 113
Jay Prakash Gupta and K. P. Shyma
Chapter 7 Strategies for the Control of Rhipicephalus microplus
(Focus only on Chemical Acaricides) 127
F. Alba-Hurtado and M. A. Muñoz-Guzmán
Chapter 8 Types of Acaricide Resistance 147
Raquel Cossio-Bayugar, Estefhan Miranda-Miranda,
Hugo Aguilar Diaz and Enrique Reynaud
vi Contents
Chapter 9 Reference Tick Strains as an Important Biological Material
for Acaricide-Resistance Characterization 177
Francisco Martinez-Ibañez, Estefan Miranda-Miranda,
Carlos Enrique Jasso-Villazul and Raquel Cossio-Bayugar
Chapter 10 Acaricide Resistance in India: Problem and Mitigation 201
Anil Kumar Sharma, Srikanta Ghosh, Sachin Kumar
and Gajanan M. Chigure
Chapter 11 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: Molecular Evolution
of Acaricide Resistance 225
Rodrigo Rosario-Cruz and Delia Inés Domínguez-García
Chapter 12 Prevalence, Resistance Status and Control Strategies against
Ticks in Western India 247
K. P. Shyma and Jay Prakash Gupta
Chapter 13 Ethnoveterinary Plants and Practices to Control Ticks
with Special Reference to Rhipicephalus in India 287
K. P. Shyma and Veer Singh
Chapter 14 Allomones in Resistant Hosts:
Features and Use in the Control of Rhipicephalus Ticks 301
Lígia Miranda Ferreira Borges and Luiz Gustavo Gardinassi
Chapter 15 Medical and Veterinary Importance of Rhipicephalus Ticks 319
Consuelo Almazán and Shawgi Mohamed Hassan
Chapter 16 Development of Vaccines against Rhipicephalus microplus Ticks 359
Juan Mosqueda, Roberto I. Guerrero-Solorio
and Maria Martina E. Pérez-Soria
Index 383
PREFACE

Ticks are among the most competent and versatile vectors of pathogens and are second to
mosquitoes as vectors of a number of human pathogens. They are the most important vector
of pathogens affecting cattle worldwide. Problems with tick-borne diseases were related to
the introduction of improved breeds of cattle into tick-infested areas because of their greater
productivity compared to well-adapted indigenous breeds. The global loss due to ticks and
tick borne diseases (TTBDs) was estimated to be between $13.9 and $18.7 billion annually
while in India the cost of controlling TTBDs has been estimated at $498.7 million/annum.
Also, cattle infested with ticks and infected with tick-borne disease agents were moved into
areas where these tick species had not previously existed. This book is written by an
international collection of tick experts of prestigious organizations and covers in-depth
information on different aspects of ticks i.e., biology, acaricide resistance, tick-borne
diseases, tick management strategies etc. It is a valuable resource for students, academic
researchers and professionals because it covers the whole range of ticks and tick-borne
diseases. This handbook was assembled through the efforts of five editors and the book
chapters' authors, each of whom contributed to different components of the handbook.
Chapter 1 - In Brazil, the ixodidic fauna to date is composed of 75 species, distributed in
nine genera, being: Antricola Cooley and Kohls (3 species), Argas Latreille (1 species),
Nothoaspis Keirans and Clifford (1 species), Ornithodoros Koch (19 species), Amblyomma
Koch (33 species), Dermacentor Koch (1 species), Haemaphysalis Koch (3 species), Ixodes
Latreille (12 species), Rhipicephalus Koch (2 species). The species that parasitize domestic
animals are the subject of numerous researches in the country, mainly those of the genus
Rhipicephalus, which until now are: Rhipicephalus sanguineus s. l and Rhipicephalus
microplus. R. sanguineus, known as the red dog tick, is a trioxene tick, found in dogs, and can
parasitize other mammals. It is a vector of pathogens such as Babesia canis, Ehrlichia canis,
Hepatozoon canis, Rickettsia rickettsii among others. Due to the proximity of dogs to
humans, this tick represents a high risk to public health. Rhipicephalus microplus is a
monoxene tick and has a preference in parasitizing cattle. It is widely distributed in the
Brazilian territory, being the species of economic interest for causing great damages in the
cattle industry, besides being transmitter of infectious agents responsible for the cattle tick
fever.
Chapter 2 - Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) have a global economic impact and researchers
are particularly concerned about their control and prevention. The aim of this chapter is to
provide a brief introduction to some of the common tick-borne pathogens, vectors responsible
viii Sachin Kumar, Raquel Cossio Bayugar, Anil Kumar Sharma et al.
for their transmission, geographical distribution of these TBDs and the risk factors that are
associated with these diseases especially in developing countries. The main focus of this
chapter is on theileriosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis and heartwater as these
diseases affect the milk, meat and hide production causing significant losses to the livestock
sector.
Chapter 3 - Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are responsible for financial constrains
for livestock sector in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and ultimately affects the
livelihoods of poor farming communities as they are exclusively dependent on their animals.
Livestock sector has become an integral part of Pakistan’s economy and large number and
variety of ruminants are reared, by the owners, in order to meet an increasing demand of milk,
meat and hide products. It is timely to review current status of TBDs in Pakistan with a note
on their vector ticks in order to identify the gaps in the knowledge of TBDs and their control.
Anaplasmosis, babesiosis and theileriosis are the three major TBDs that are reported from
various parts in Pakistan. This article will provide a brief background on key TBDs and ticks
and reviews the current status of ticks and TBDs in Pakistan. This extensive review of
literature will add to the understanding of these diseases and will propose areas for future
research and will draw attention to the need for improved tools for the diagnosis and control
of TBDs in Pakistan.
Chapter 4 - Ticks and tick borne diseases are a major threat to the livestock and economy
of developing countries including India. Ticks, as vectors of several zoonotic diseases, are
second only to mosquitoes as vectors. The diseases spread by ticks are a major constraint to
animal productivity while causing morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans.
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum have been recognized since
long as vectors of importance for transmitting diseases like babesiosis, theilieriosis and
CCHF. There is need to recognize the importance of ticks as vectors in India and devise better
methods for their control. This review is focused on the major tick borne animal and human
diseases in India and the current situation in India regarding control of ticks including the
development of resistance, progress in tick vaccine and the development of potential
phytoacaricides as alternatives to chemical acaricides.
Chapter 5 - Ticks are the global problems, most important vectors of Rickettsia and
protozoa (Anaplasma, Babesia and Theileria), rickettsiae (Ehrlichia, Yersinia pestis,
Francisella tularensis, Coxiella burnetii), viruses (Tick-borne encephalitis, Nairobi sheep
disease virus, louping ill virus, Bhanja viruses, west Nile virus, African swine fever virus)
and spirochaetes (Borrelia burgdogferi and B. hermsii). Several efforts have been made to
eradicate ticks and tick-borne diseases by using various chemical control strategies in many
developing countries. However, problems associated with the continuous usage of these
acaricides (Organochlorides, macrocyclic lactones, pyrethroides, carbamates,
organophosphates, formamidines) Integrated tick management is recommended. Various
plants e.g., neem tree (Azadiratcha indica), African spider (Gynandropsis gynandra),
tamarind tree (Tamarindus Indica), Jamaica pepper (Pimenta dioica), and wormwood
(Artmisia brevifolia) have been evaluated for their anti-tick properties. So due to having
folded benefits there are more opportunities for testing and applications of these plants as
anti-tick. Futuristic approach involves the development of combination of chemical and
vaccine strategies, directed towards the both tick eradication and transmission. New emerging
technologies should be used for gene discovery, cocktail vaccines formulation and delivery.
Usage of endosymbiotic approach, role played by Buphagus erythrorhynchus for tick control