The Enlightenment world

737 Pages·2004·13.764 MB·English

by  Fitzpatrick, Martin

THE ENLIGHTENMENT WORLD
The Routledge Worlds
THEGREEKWORLD
Edited by Anton Powell
THEROMANWORLD
Edited by John Wacher
THEBIBLICALWORLD
Edited by John Barton
THEEARLYCHRISTIANWORLD
Edited by Philip F. Esler
THECELTICWORLD
Edited by Miranda Green
THEMEDIEVALWORLD
Edited by Peter Linehan and Janet L. Nelson
THEREFORMATIONWORLD
Edited by Andrew Pettegree
THEENLIGHTENMENTWORLD
Edited by Martin Fitzpatrick, Peter Jones,
Christa Knellwolf and Iain McCalman
THEHINDUWORLD
Edited by Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby
Forthcoming:
THEEGYPTIANWORLD
Toby Wilkinson
THEBABYLONIANWORLD
Edited by Gwendolyn Leick
THEVIKINGWORLD
Edited by Stefan Brink and Neil Price
THERENAISSANCEWORLD
Edited by John Jeffries Martin
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
WORLD
Edited by
Martin Fitzpatrick, Peter Jones,
Christa Knellwolf and Iain McCalman
First published 2004
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon,
Oxfordshire OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.
© 2004 Selection and editorial matter, Martin Fitzpatrick, Peter Jones,
Christa Knellwolf, Iain McCalman;
individual chapters, the contributors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
The Enlightenment world / editors, Martin Fitzpatrick...[et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
1. Enlightenment. I. Fitzpatrick, Martin, 1944–
B802.E546 2004
940.2′5–dc22
2003026266
ISBN 0-203-64469-7 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-67415-4 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0–415–21575–7 (Print Edition)
CONTENTS
List of illustrations ix
List of contributors xii
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xx
I INTELLECTUAL ORIGINS OF ENLIGHTENMENT
Introduction 3
Peter Jones
1 Science and the coming of Enlightenment 10
John Henry
2 The quest for philosophical certainty 27
Peter Schouls
3 The critique of Christianity 41
James Dybikowski
4 Enquiry, scepticism and Enlightenment 57
Aaron Garrett
5 The Huguenot debate on toleration 65
Luisa Simonutti
II ASPECTS OF ENLIGHTENMENT FORMATIONS
Introduction 81
Martin Fitzpatrick
6 The Dutch Republic: ‘That mother nation of liberty’ 87
Hugh Dunthorne
v
– Contents –
7 A crucible for change: Enlightenment in Britain 104
Alexander Murdoch
8 The itinerary of a young intellectual in early Enlightenment Germany 117
Martin Mulsow
9 The Age of Louis XIV and early Enlightenment in France 134
Martin Fitzpatrick
III THE HIGH ENLIGHTENMENT
Introduction 159
Martin Fitzpatrick
10 Pursuing an enlightened gospel: happiness from deism to
materialism to atheism 164
Darrin M. McMahon
11 Progress and optimism 177
Clare Jackson
12 The science of man 194
Christa Knellwolf
13 Historical writing in the Enlightenment world 207
Johnson Kent Wright
14 Education and the reproduction of the Enlightenment 217
Geraint Parry
15 Science and the eighteenth-century public: scientific revolutions and
the changing format of scientific investigation 234
Larry Stewart
IV POLITE CULTURE AND THE ARTS
Introduction 249
Peter Jones
16 Feminizing the Enlightenment: the problem of sensibility 253
Jane Rendall
17 Polite worlds of Enlightenment 272
Margaret C. Jacob
18 Nature and art in Enlightenment culture 288
John Sweetman
vi
– Contents –
19 Music and the Enlightenment 307
Cynthia Verba
20 Italian operas and their audiences 323
Peter Jones
V MATERIAL AND POPULAR CULTURE
Introduction 337
Peter Jones
21 Encyclopaedism and Enlightenment 350
Richard Yeo
22 Print culture in the Enlightenment 366
Carla Hesse
23 The appearance of Enlightenment: refashioning the elites 381
Peter McNeil
24 Popular culture 401
Nicholas Rogers
VI REFORMING THE WORLD
Introduction 421
Martin Fitzpatrick
25 The party of the philosophes 426
David Garrioch
26 Enlightenment and government 442
Eckhart Hellmuth
27 Enlightenment, republicanism and radicalism 457
Mark Philp
28 The new economics of the Enlightenment 473
Kathryn Sutherland
29 Making a better world: Enlightenment and philanthropy 486
David Garrioch
30 Law and Enlightenment 502
Randall McGowen
vii
– Contents –
VII TRANSFORMATION AND EXPLORATIONS
Introduction 517
Iain McCalman
31 Fantasies of paradise 521
Jonathan Lamb
32 Millenarian visions and Utopian speculations 536
Jon Mee
33 Cross-cultural encounters in the Enlightenment 551
Dorinda Outram
VIII THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS CRITICS:
THEN AND NOW
Introduction 571
Christa Knellwolf
34 Multiple Enlightenments: rival Aufklärerat the University of Halle,
1690–1730 576
Ian Hunter
35 Rousseau: enlightened critic of the Enlightenment? 596
Tom Furniss
36 Burke and the response to the Enlightenment 610
Frances Ferguson
37 The feminist critique of Enlightenment 621
Karen O’Brien
38 An Enlightenment critique of the Dialectic of Enlightenment 635
Howard Williams
39 Postmodernism and the Enlightenment 648
Susan Wilson
Glossary 660
Name index 668
Subject index 685
viii
ILLUSTRATIONS
Edited by Georgina Fitzpatrick
1.1 Instauratio Magna, Francis Bacon 16
1.2 Sir Isaac Newton, Edward Hodges Bailly after Roubiliac 21
2.1 René Descartes, Lucien Butavard after Frans Hals 28
3.1 Matthew Tindal 52
3.2 John Locke 53
4.1 Pierre Bayle 63
6.1 ’T Oude Mannen en Vrouwen Huys 89
6.2 Huguenot Bookshops in Amsterdam 92
6.3 Boerhaave Delivering a Rectorial Address on Newton 98
6.4 Plate 26 of Erucarum ortus, Maria Sibylla Merian 100
7.1 A Philosopher Giving that Lecure on the Orrery, in which a Lamp is Put
in the Place of the Sun 106
7.2 Painting Room at the Foulis Academy, David Allan 111
8.1 Germany in the early eighteenth century 119
8.2 Christian Thomasius 120
8.3 A Shop in Germany, Andreas Rüdiger 122
9.1 The Celebration of Louis celebrated, Louis Simonneau after Noel Coypel 137
11.1 Richard Price, Thomas Holloway after Benjamin West 180
11.2 Marquis de Condorcet 182
12.1 David Hume, James Tassie 198
12.2 Lettre d’un singe, aux êtres de son espèce 203
13.1 Edward Gibbon, John Hall after Joshua Reynolds 212
14.1 Johann Bernhard Basedow, Daniel Chodowiecki 222
14.2 Schoolroom at Dessau, Johann Bernhard Basedow 223
14.3 Heinrich Pestalozzi 224
15.1 Frontispiece of Ephraim Chambers, Cyclopaedia, J. Sturt 237
15.2 Joseph Priestley, Thomas Holloway after W. Artaud 243
Part IV.1a, b and c Voltaireand Madame du Châteletfrom a Dresden box 248
16.1 The Vapors, Alexandre Colin 255
ix