The English Aristocracy, 1070-1272: A Social Transformation

367 Pages·2011·2.191 MB·English

by  David Crouch

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
39x
This content downloaded from 132.239.1.231 on Fri, 23 Dec 2016 13:34:48 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
THE ENGLISH ARISTOCRACY
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
39x
This content downloaded from 132.239.1.231 on Fri, 23 Dec 2016 13:34:48 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
39x
This content downloaded from 132.239.1.231 on Fri, 23 Dec 2016 13:34:48 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
1
2
3
4
5
THE ENGLISH
6
7
ARISTOCRACY
8
9
1070–1272 10
1
A SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION 2
3
(cid:2)
4
5
DAVID CROUCH
6
7
8
9
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS 8
NEW HAVEN AND LONDON 39x
This content downloaded from 132.239.1.231 on Fri, 23 Dec 2016 13:34:48 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Copyright © 2011 David Crouch
9
All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form
20
(beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and
1
except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publishers.
2
For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact:
3
4 U.S. Office: [email protected] www.yalebooks.com
Europe Office: sales @yaleup.co.uk www.yaleup.co.uk
5
6
Set in Janson MT by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd
7 Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall
8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
9
Crouch, David.
30
The English aristocracy: 1070–1272: a social transformation/David Crouch.
1
p. cm.
2 ISBN 097–8300114553 (cl: alk. paper)
1. Aristocracy (Social class)—Great Britain—History—To 1500. 2. Nobility—Great
3
Britain—History—To 1500. 3. Great Britain—History—1066–1687. 4. Great Britain—
4 Social conditions. I. Title.
HT653. G7C7597 2010
5
305.5´20941—dc22
6
2010038325
7
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
8
39x 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This content downloaded from 132.239.1.231 on Fri, 23 Dec 2016 13:34:48 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
1
2
3
4
5
CONTENTS
6
7
8
9
10
1
List of Illustrations vi 2
Acknowledgements vii 3
Abbreviations ix 4
Introduction xiv 5
6
PART ONE: KNIGHTS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
7
Chapter 1 The Knight in England 3
8
Chapter 2 Military Culture 20
9
Chapter 3 The Shifting Borders of Nobility 37
20
PART TWO: FINDING A VOICE 1
Chapter 4 The Rise of Conciliarism 65 2
Chapter 5 The King and the Peers 84 3
4
PART THREE: IMPOSING HEGEMONY
5
Chapter 6 Local Violence 99
6
Chapter 7 Personal Violence 117
7
Chapter 8 Dominating Localities 133
8
PART FOUR: DELIVERING JUSTICE 9
Chapter 9 The Seigneurial Court 163
30
Chapter 10 Capital Justice and the Rise of Liberties 178
1
PART FIVE: LIVING NOBLY 2
Chapter 11 Conduct 193 3
Chapter 12 Expectation and Demands 208 4
Chapter 13 Piety 224 5
Conclusion: A Social Transformation 247 6
7
Notes 251 8
Bibliography 306 39x
Index 328
This content downloaded from 139.184.14.159 on Mon, 02 Jan 2017 20:41:52 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
1
2
3
4
5
6
ILLUSTRATIONS
7
8
9
Rights were not granted to include these illustrations in electronic
10
media. Please refer to print publication.
1
2 PLATES
3
1. Illumination of sleeping knights at Christ’s tomb. Bodleian Library,
4
University of Oxford (Douce ms 293 fo. 33r).
5
2. Tombstone of Gundreda. Courtesy of the Rector, Churchwardens and
6
Parochial Church Council of Southover.
7
3. Obverse of the seal of Margaret de Quincy, c.1220. The President and
8
Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford.
9
4. Obverse of the seal of Ela Longespée, Countess of Warwick. Courtesy
20
of the Warden and Fellows of Merton College, Oxford.
1
5. Doors of Chepstow Castle. Cadw, Welsh Assembly Government (Crown
2
Copyright).
3
6. Silver penny minted for Robert Earl of Gloucester at Bristol, early
4
1140s. © Wiltshire Heritage Museum, Devizes.
5
7. Eighteenth-century sketch of the double-sided seal of Count Robert of
6
Meulan and Leicester (died 1118).
7
8. Impression of intaglio gem counterseal of Earl Robert II of Leicester.
8
© British Library Board (Additional Charter 48299).
9
9. Chapel of Nosley Hall. Photograph courtesy of Chris Jones.
30
1
2 MAPS
3
1. Map of Places Mentioned in the Text p.xiii
4
2. Robert of Leicester’s View of his Sphere of Authority p.140
5
6
7 GENEALOGY
8
The Warenne Lineage p.144
39x
This content downloaded from 132.239.1.231 on Mon, 02 Jan 2017 20:25:03 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
1
2
3
4
5
6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
7
8
9
10
1
T book is the end of a long intellectual voyage, which began in Cardiff 2
HIS
in 1978 and, as happens in long voyages, involved several detours. That 3
I have got to the end at all is due to the Leverhulme Trust, which in 1985 4
conferred a ridiculous amount of money on a brash and untried young 5
ex-teacher surviving in the grim Thatcher years on short-term academic 6
contracts in London. It allowed me (for reader, I was that man) to devote four 7
years’ study to the earls of England and compile a huge archive of data with 8
which I am still grappling. It also allowed me to pursue my study of William 9
Marshal – for better and for worse, the definitive medieval aristocrat – 20
published in 1990 and reissued in a second edition in 2002. I feel now that I 1
have fully justified the Trust’s generosity, and wish it known how deeply 2
grateful I am for its vision and confidence. The University of London’s 3
Institute of Historical Research was likewise generous in housing my project 4
at the time, and since then I have carried it with me to academic homes in 5
Scarborough and Hull. What is gratifying for me is the fact that one of my 6
research assistants in my London days, Nicholas Vincent, has since become 7
one of the most significant and productive medieval historians England has 8
produced. I would like to thank several friends for substantial input into this 9
book in terms of both informed criticism and material. As well as Nick 30
Vincent, these include Mandy Capern, Hugh Doherty, John Gillingham, 1
Lindy Grant, Eric Hemming, John Hudson and Richard Sharpe. There are 2
others over the years who have given me insights that have lodged in my mind 3
and inspired productive internal debate, not least Martin Aurell, David Bates, 4
Paul Brand, Glenn Burgess, David Carpenter, Peter Coss, Julian Haseldine, 5
Derek Keene and Ann Williams. The two anonymous readers for Yale 6
University Press were both helpful and encouraging in their reports. 7
Robert Shore, Yale University Press’s copy-editor, saved me from countless 8
39x
This content downloaded from 132.239.1.231 on Mon, 02 Jan 2017 20:25:28 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1 obscurities and gaffes. I should also acknowledge the patience of Robert
2 Baldock and Heather McCallum at Yale in waiting for the manuscript of this
3 book for so long.
4
Hull
5
31 October 2010
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
39x
This content downloaded from 132.239.1.231 on Mon, 02 Jan 2017 20:25:28 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
1
2
3
4
5
6
ABBREVIATIONS
7
8
9
10
1
AmHR American Historical Review 2
Annales Monastici Annales Monastici, ed. H.R. Luard (5 vols, Rolls 3
Series, 1864–69)
4
ANS Proceedings of the Battle Conference (1978–81);
Anglo-Norman Studies (1982–) 5
ASC The Peterborough Chronicle, 1070–1154, ed. and trans. 6
C. Clark (2nd edn, Oxford, 1970)
7
BIHR Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research (later,
Historical Research) 8
BL British Library 9
Bodl. Libr. Bodleian Library
20
Book of Fees Book of Fees, Commonly Called Testa de Nevill, ed. H.C.
Maxwell-Lyte (3 vols, HMSO, 1920–31) 1
Cal Charter Rolls Calendar of the Charter Rolls Preserved in the 2
Public Record Office (6 vols, London, HMSO, 1923–7)
3
Cal Close Rolls Calendar of the Close Rolls Preserved in the Public Record
Office (London, HMSO, 1892–) 4
Cal Patent Rolls Calendar of Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record 5
Office (London, HMSO, 1891–)
6
Chanson d’Aspremont La Chanson d’Aspremont, ed. L. Brandin (2 vols,
Classiques français du moyen âge, 1923–4) 7
Charters of the Earls of Chester Charters of the Anglo-Norman Earls of Chester, 8
c.1071–1237, ed. G. Barraclough (Record Society of
9
Lancashire and Cheshire, cxxvi, 1988)
Close Rolls Close Rolls of the Reign of Henry III (14 vols, London, 30
HMSO, 1902–38) 1
Complete Peerage [G.E. Cokayne], The Complete Peerage of England,
2
Scotland, Ireland and Great Britain, ed. V. Gibbs (13
vols in 14, London, 1910–59) 3
Curia Regis Rolls Curia Regis Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office 4
(20 vols, London, HMSO, 1922–2007)
5
D & C Dean and Chapter
De Nugis Curialium De Nugis Curialium or Courtiers’ Trifles, ed. and trans. 6
M.R. James, revised C.N.L. Brooke and R.A.B. 7
Mynors (Oxford, 1983)
8
Documents Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and
Rebellion, 1258–1267, ed. and trans. R.F. Treharne and 39x
I.J. Sanders (Oxford, 1973)
This content downloaded from 132.239.1.231 on Mon, 02 Jan 2017 20:25:56 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms