The Engineering of Human Joint Replacements

239 Pages·2013·9.103 MB·English

by  J. A. McGeough

J.A. McGeouGh
The engineering of
Human Joint
Replacements

The Engineering of
Human Joint
Replacements

The Engineering of
Human Joint
Replacements
J.A. McGeough
TheUniversityofEdinburgh,UK
Thiseditionfirstpublished2013
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
McGeough,J.A.(JosephA.),1940-author.
Theengineeringofhumanjointreplacements/byJ.A.McGeough.–1
1onlineresource.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
DescriptionbasedonprintversionrecordandCIPdataprovidedbypublisher;resourcenot
viewed.
ISBN978-1-118-53684-1(ePub)–ISBN978-1-118-53685-8–ISBN978-1-118-53690-2
(MobiPocket)–ISBN978-0-470-74027-9(hardback) 1.Artificialjoints. 2.Arthroplasty.
3.Biomedicalengineering. I.Title.
RD686
(cid:3)
617.580592–dc23
2013022090
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:978-0-470-74027-9
Setin10/12.5ptPalatinobyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India.
1 2013
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
References 5
2 BasicAnatomy 7
2.1 Terminology 7
2.2 HumanSkeleton 8
2.3 Joints 10
2.4 Cartilage 10
2.5 ProteinandCollagen 11
2.6 HumanBone 14
2.6.1 StructureofBone 14
2.6.2 MechanicalPropertiesofBone 18
2.6.3 BasesofBiomechanicsofJoints 20
References 22
3 AnatomyofJoints 25
3.1 Shoulder 25
3.1.1 AnatomyoftheShoulderJoint 25
3.1.2 BiomechanicsoftheShoulderJoint 27
3.2 Elbow 29
3.2.1 AnatomyoftheElbowJoint 29
3.2.2 BiomechanicsoftheElbowJoint 30
3.3 Wrist 34
3.3.1 AnatomyoftheWristJoint 34
3.3.2 BiomechanicsoftheWristJoint 36
vi Contents
3.4 Finger 38
3.4.1 AnatomyoftheFingerJoints 38
3.4.2 BiomechanicsoftheFingerJoints 38
3.5 Hip 38
3.5.1 AnatomyoftheHipJoint 39
3.5.2 BiomechanicsoftheHipJoint 41
3.6 Knee 43
3.6.1 AnatomyoftheKneeJoint 43
3.6.2 BiomechanicsoftheKneeJoint 46
3.7 Ankle 49
3.7.1 AnatomyoftheAnkleJoint 49
3.7.2 BiomechanicsoftheAnkleJoint 51
3.8 Foot 52
3.8.1 AnatomyoftheFootJoints 52
3.8.2 BiomechanicsoftheFootJoints 52
3.9 Toe 52
3.9.1 AnatomyoftheToeJoints 52
3.9.2 BiomechanicsoftheToeJoints 53
3.10 DegradationofJoints 54
3.10.1 Introduction 54
3.10.2 Osteoarthritis(OA) 54
3.10.3 RheumatoidArthritis(RA) 54
3.10.4 InfectionandTrauma 56
References 56
4 MethodsofInspectionforJointReplacements 59
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 GaitAnalysis 60
4.3 X-ray 61
4.4 TomographyandComputedTomography(CT) 64
4.5 RadionuclideScanning 66
4.6 Ultrasonography 66
4.7 MagneticResonanceImaging(MRI) 67
References 69
5 MaterialsinHumanJointReplacement 71
5.1 Introduction 71
5.2 AlloyMetals 71
5.2.1 StainlessSteel 72
5.2.2 Cobalt-BasedAlloys 74
Contents vii
5.2.3 Titanium-BasedAlloys 76
5.2.4 TantalumTrabecularMetal 78
5.2.5 MagnesiumAlloys 78
5.3 Ceramics 79
5.3.1 Structure 79
5.3.2 MechanicalProperties 79
5.3.3 ApplicationsofCeramicsinJointReplacements 81
5.4 Polymers 83
5.4.1 Structure 83
5.4.2 Ultra-highMolecularWeightPolyethylene
(UHMWPE) 84
5.4.3 PolymerCement 87
5.5 JointReplacementMaterialsinService 91
5.5.1 WearandFriction 91
5.5.2 FatigueandCreep 92
5.5.3 Corrosion 93
5.6 Nanomaterials 95
References 98
6 MethodsofManufactureofJointReplacements 103
6.1 Introduction 103
6.2 SurfaceFinish 104
6.3 Tolerance 106
6.4 WearandFriction 106
6.5 Machining 106
6.5.1 Milling 106
6.5.2 Grinding 108
6.5.3 Turning 108
6.5.4 ElectrochemicalMachining(ECM) 110
6.5.5 ElectrodischargeMachining(EDM) 111
6.6 Forging 112
6.7 Casting 114
6.7.1 CastingofMetals 114
6.7.2 CastingofCeramicParts 115
6.8 ManufactureofPolymerParts 119
6.9 SurfaceTreatment 121
6.9.1 Coatings 121
6.9.2 PlasmaSpraying 121
6.9.3 ChemicalandPhysicalVapourDeposition
(CVDandPVD) 123
viii Contents
6.9.4 Diamond-likeCarbon(DLC)Coating 124
6.9.5 IonImplantation 125
6.9.6 PorousMetalCoatings 125
6.10 SurfaceFinishingofImplants 125
6.10.1 Deburring 125
6.10.2 Electropolishing 126
6.10.3 MechanicalPolishing 126
6.10.4 Lapping 127
6.11 ManufactureofJointReplacements 127
References 128
7 Computer-AidedEngineeringinJointReplacements 131
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 ReverseEngineering 132
7.3 SolidModelling 133
7.4 FiniteElementAnalysis(FEA) 137
7.5 RapidPrototyping(RP)inJointReplacementManufacture 141
7.6 Computer-AidedManufacture 145
7.7 Navigation 150
7.7.1 NavigationinComputer-aidedJoint
ReplacementSurgery 150
7.7.2 NavigationinRoboticSurgery 152
7.8 Robotics 153
7.8.1 Robotics-AssistedTotalKneeReplacement(TKR) 157
7.8.2 Robotics-AssistedTotalHipReplacement(THR) 159
References 162
8 JointReplacement 167
8.1 Introduction 167
8.2 Shoulder 171
8.3 Elbow 175
8.4 Wrist 178
8.5 Fingers 181
8.6 Hip 183
8.6.1 Charnley’sDevelopmentofTotalHip
Replacement(THR) 184
8.6.2 BiomechanicsafterHipJointReplacement 185
8.6.3 FurtherDevelopmentsinTHREngineering 187
8.6.4 IndustrialExamplesofTHR 189