The Engineering Handbook

3023 Pages·1997·100.53 MB·English

by  Richard C. Dorf

“Frontmatter”
The Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Richard C. Dorf
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000
The Engineering Handbook
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The engineering handbook [computer file] / Richard C. Dorf, [editor-in-chief].--CD-ROM
version.
1 computer laser optical disc: 4 3/4 in.
Computer data and program.
System requirements: IBM PC; 8MB RAM;
Windows 3.1 or higher; VGA graphics capabilities; color monitor; CD-ROM
drive.
Title from title screen
Audience: Engineering professionals and postgraduate students.
Summary: Electronic version of The Engineering Handbook. Features search capabilities, zoom
option, hypertext links, line drawings, photographs, bookmark and notebook functions, and the
ability to print, save, and copy information into word processing program.
ISBN 0-8493-8576-8
1. Engineering--Handbooks, manual, etc. I. Dorf, Richard C. II. Engineering
handbook.
TA151, 1997 00577> <MRC>
620--DC12a
97-4535
CIP
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ISBN 0-8493-8576-8
© 1998 by CRC Press LLC
Preface
Purpose
The purpose of The Engineering Handbook is to provide in a single volume a ready reference for
the practicing engineer in industry, government, and academia. The book in its comprehensive
format is divided into 30 sections which encompass the field of engineering. The goal is to provide
the most up-to-date information in the classical fields that comprise mechanical, electrical, civil,
chemical, industrial, and aerospace engineering as well as the underlying fields of mathematics and
materials. This book should serve the information needs of all professional engineers engaged in
the practice of the profession whether in industry, education, or government. The goal of this
comprehensive handbook is to replace a myriad of books with one highly informative,
well-organized, definitive source of fundamental knowledge.
Organization
The fundamentals of engineering have evolved to include a wide range of knowledge, substantial
empirical data, and a broad range of practice. The focus of the handbook is on the key concepts,
models, and equations that enable the engineer to analyze, design, and predict the behavior of
complex devices, circuits, instruments, systems, structures, plants, computers, fuels, and the
environment. While data and formulae are summarized, the main focus is the provision of the
underlying theories and concepts and the appropriate application of these theories to the field of
engineering. Thus, the reader will find the key concepts defined, described, and illustrated in order
to serve the needs of the engineer over many years.
With equal emphasis placed on materials, structures, mechanics, dynamics, fluids,
thermodynamics, fuels and energy, transportation, environmental systems, circuits and systems,
computers and instruments, manufacturing, aeronautical and aerospace, and economics and
management as well as mathematics, the engineer should encounter a wide range of concepts and
considerable depth of exploration of these concepts as they lead to application and design.
The level of conceptual development of each topic is challenging, but tutorial and relatively
fundamental. Each of the more than 200 chapters is written to enlighten the expert, refresh the
knowledge of the mature engineer, and educate the novice.
The information is organized into 30 major sections. The 30 sections encompass 211 chapters,
and the Appendix summarizes the applicable mathematics, symbols, and physical constants. Each
section contains one or more historical vignettes that serve to enliven and illuminate the history of
the subject of that section. Furthermore, each section is preceded by a photo of a device, circuit, or
system that demonstrates an application illustrative of the material in the section.
Each chapter includes three important and useful categories: defining terms, references, and
further information. Defining terms are key definitions, and the first occurrence of each term
defined is indicated in boldface in the text. The definitions of these terms are summarized as a list
at the end of each chapter. The references provide a list of useful books and articles for follow-up
reading. Finally, further information provides some general and useful sources of additional
information on the topic.
Locating Your Topic
Numerous avenues of access to information contained in the handbook are provided. A complete
table of contents is presented at the front of the book. In addition, an individual table of contents
precedes each of the 30 sections. Finally, each chapter begins with its own table of contents. The
reader should look over these tables of contents to become familiar with the structure, organization,
and content of the book. For example, see Section III, Dynamics and Vibration, and then Chapter
15, Forced Vibration. This tree-and-branch table of contents enables the reader to move up the tree
to locate information on the topic of interest.
Three alphabetical indexes have been compiled to provide multiple means of accessing
information: (1) index of contributing authors, (2) index of key equations by title or name, and (3)
subject index. The subject index can also be used to locate key definitions. The page on which the
definition appears for each key (defining) term is clearly identified in the subject index.
The Engineering Handbook is designed to provide answers to most inquiries and direct the
inquirer to further sources and references. We hope that this handbook will be referred to often and
that informational requirements will be satisfied effectively.
Acknowledgments
This handbook is testimony to the dedication of the associate editors, the publishers, and my
editorial associates. I particularly wish to acknowledge at CRC Press Joel Claypool, Publisher;
Kristen Maus, Developmental Editor; and Carol Whitehead,Senior Project Editor. Finally I am
indebted to the assistance of Sara Hare, who served as editorial assistant.
Richard C. Dorf
Editor-in-Chief
Editor-in-Chief
Richard C. Dorf, professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of
California, Davis, teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in electrical engineering in the
fields of circuits and control systems. He earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the U.S.
Naval Postgraduate School, an M.S. from the University of Colorado, and a B.S. from Clarkson
University. Highly concerned with the discipline of engineering and its wide value to social and
economic needs, he has written and lectured internationally on the contributions and advances in
engineering and their value to society.
Professor Dorf has extensive experience with education and industry and is professionally active
in the fields of robotics, automation, electric circuits, and communications. He has served as a
visiting professor at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland; the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology; Stanford University; and the University of California, Berkeley.
A Fellow of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Dr. Dorf is widely known to
the profession for his Modern Control System, 7th edition (Addison-Wesley, 1995) and The
International Encyclopedia of Robotics (Wiley, 1988). Dr. Dorf is also the co-author of Circuits,
Devices and Systems (with Ralph Smith), 5th edition (Wiley, 1992). Dr. Dorf is the editor-in-chief
of the widely recognized Electrical Engineering Handbook (CRC, 1993) and the Handbook of
Manufacturing and Automation (Wiley, 1994).
Advisory Board
William F. Ames Frank Kreith
School of Mathematics University of Colorado(Retired)
Georgia Institute of Technology Boulder, Colorado
Atlanta, Georgia

Jack McCormac James F. Shackelford
Civil Engineering Department Materials Science
Clemson University University of California
Clemson, South Carolina Davis, California

John Steadman Klaus Timmerhaus
Electrical Engineering Department Chemical Engineering Department
University of Wyoming University of Colorado
Laramie, Wyoming Boulder, Colorado
Contributors
Ramesh K. Agarwal F. Chris Alley
Wichita State University Clemson University (Emeritus)
Wichita, Kansas Clemson, South Carolina

William F. Ames Appiah Amirtharajah
Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia Atlanta, Georgia

James E. Amrhein Ted L. Anderson
Masonry Institute of America Structural Reliability Technology
Los Angeles, California Boulder, Colorado

Thalia Anagnos Roger E. A. Arndt
San Jose State University St. Anthony Falls Laboratory
Palo Alto, California University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Tung Au A. Terry Bahill
Carnegie Mellon University University of Arizona
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Tucson, Arizona

Terrence W. Baird Norman Balabanian
Hewlett-Packard Company University of Florida
Boise, Idaho Gainesville, Florida

Randall F. Barron Nelson R. Bauld, Jr.
Louisiana Tech University Clemson University
Ruston, Louisiana Clemson, South Carolina

Yildiz Bayazitoglu Robert G. Beaves
Rice University Robert Morris College
Houston, Texas Coraopolis, Pennsylvania

Paul A. Beck R. R. Beck
Paul A. Beck & Associates U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research Development
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Engineering Center
Warren, Michigan

Richard C. Bennett Jim Bethel
Swenson ProcessEquipment, Inc. Purdue University
Harvey, Illinois West Lafayette, Indiana

Pallab Bhattacharya Bharat Bhushan
University of Michigan Ohio State University
Ann Arbor, Michigan Columbus, Ohio
Peter Biltoft Kenneth B. Black
University of California University of Massachusetts
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Amherst, Massachusetts
Livermore, California

Benjamin S. Blanchard Robert F. Boehm
Virginia PolytechnicInstitute & StateUniversity University of Nevada
Blacksburg, Virginia Las Vegas, Nevada

Bruce W. Bomar Robert G. Bonitz
University of Tennessee University of California
Space Institute Davis, California
Tullahoma, Tennessee

Carol I. Bordas Charles Borzileri
Thorp, Reed & Armstrong University of California
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Livermore, California

Edwin R. Braun Donald E. Breyer
University of North Carolina California State Polytechnic University
Charlotte, North Carolina Pomona, California

Robert Broadwater William L. Brogan
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University University of Nevada
Blacksburg, Virginia Las Vegas, Nevada

George R. Buchanan R. Ben Buckner
Tennessee Technological University Surveying Education Consultant
Cookeville, Tennessee Johnson City, Tennessee

Michael Buehrer Luis-Felipe Cabrera
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University IBM Almaden Research Center
Blacksburg, Virginia Almaden, California

George Cain Shiao-Hung Chiang
Georgia Institute of Technology University of Pittsburgh
Atlanta, Georgia Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

William L. Chapman James M. Chavez
Hughes Aircraft Company Sandia National Laboratories
Tucson, Arizona Albuquerque, New Mexico

Peter M. Chen Wai-Kai Chen
University of Michigan University of Illinois
Ann Arbor, Michigan Chicago, Illinois
Tony M. Cigic Michael D. Ciletti
University of BritishColumbia University of Colorado
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Colorado Springs, Colorado

William J. Cook David H. Cooke
Iowa State University Power and Cogeneration Consultant
Ames, Iowa 2507 Palo Pinto Drive
Houston, Texas

C. David Cooper William C. Corder
University of Central Florida CONSOL, Inc.
Orlando, Florida Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Harold M. Cota Leon W. Couch II
California Polytechnic State University University of Florida
San Luis Obispo, California Gainesville, Florida

Dennis J. Cronin J. B. Cropley
Iowa State University Union Carbide Corporate Fellow (Retired)
Ames, Iowa Scott Depot, West Virginia

John N. Daigle Braja M. Das
University of Mississippi California State University
University, Mississippi Sacramento, California

Kevin A. Delin Jacques W. Delleur
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Purdue University
Pasadena, California West Lafayette, Indiana

Anca Deliu Bon A. DeWitt
Georgia Institute of Technology University of Florida
Atlanta, Georgia Gainesville, Florida

Henry Domingos John F. Donovan
Clarkson University McDonnell Douglas Corporation
Potsdam, New York St. Louis, Missouri

Anil Doradla Deepak Doraiswamy
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Blacksburg, Virginia Wilmington, Delaware

Richard C. Dorf C. Nelson Dorny
University of California University of Pennsylvania
Davis, California Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

William G. Duff Stephen A. Dyer
Computer Sciences Corporation Kansas State University
Springfield, Virginia Manhattan, Kansas