The Energy Management Manual for Arena and Rink Operators

167 Pages·2007·2 MB·English

The Energy Management Manual
for Arena and Rink Operators
Produced by:
SaskPower
Saskatchewan Parks and Recreation Association
Office of Energy Conservation
February 2007
The Energy Management Manual for Arena and Rink Operators
A Message from SaskPower
Dear Readers:
SaskPower is pleased to announce the publication of the Energy Management Manual for
Arena and Rink Operators. Through the assistance of a number of provincial agencies,
the original manual produced in 1991 has been extensively updated and revised to
include current technology and practices.
SaskPower continues to support energy conservation and management for two reasons.
The first,and perhaps the most important,is to reduce operating costs for our cus-
tomers. These facilities are vital to community growth in our province. As energy costs
often increase faster than the community tax base,energy conservation can play a key
role in ensuring that these facilities are able to continue operating in our communities.
The second reason is to reaffirm our commitment to the environment. Since fossil fuels
remain the main source of electrical generation in our province,reducing energy con-
sumption directly reduces greenhouse gas emissions to our environment. Improving our
environment works best if we work together with our communities to promote energy con-
servation collectively.
Once again,we appreciate the continued support and interest in energy management
from the Saskatchewan Parks and Recreation Association,and we are grateful for the
participation of the Office of Energy Conservation in the production of this revised manual.
We hope the manual will assist in the training and education of all facility operators and
lead to an even greater enjoyment of arenas and curling rinks in communities across
Saskatchewan.
Yours truly,
Pat Youzwa
President and CEO
SaskPower
The Energy Management Manual for Arena and Rink Operators
Acknowledgements
This revision of The Energy Management Manual for Arena and Rink Operators is a result
of the efforts of a project management committee:
» Melissa Raymer
Recreation Consultant (Facilities)
Saskatchewan Parks and Recreation Association
Regina, Saskatchewan
» Terry White
Manager, Municipal Program Development
Office of Energy Conservation
Regina, Saskatchewan
» Darcy Fk. Kozoriz
Senior Program Consultant
SaskPower
Regina, Saskatchewan
» Doug Norman (retired)
Energy Management Consultant
SaskPower
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Special thanks to Howard Arndt,Manager of Energy Management for Saskatchewan
Property Management and Glenn Jones,Manager of Distribution Engineering,SaskEnergy
for their technical assistance and to Garry Tollefson,Supervisor of Business
Development,SaskPower for his organizational assistance.
The Energy Management Manual for Arena and Rink Operators
Table of Contents
Section 1 Electrical and Natural Gas Rates
Electrical rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1
Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1
General service rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2
Electrical consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3
Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3
Calculating your electricity bill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3
Saving money at season start-up and shutdown . . . . . . . . .1.6
Disconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7
Understanding your SaskPower bill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.8
Natural gas rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.9
SaskEnergy natural gas rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.9
Calculating your natural gas consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.9
Understanding your SaskEnergy bill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.10
Section 2 Meters and Your Electrical Inventory
Reading meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1
Electricity meter reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1
Electrical demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2
Demand meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2
Readingyour natural gas meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6
Inventory ofelectrical loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6
Taking your electrical inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.7
Analyzing your energy usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8
Section 3 Making a Financial Analysis
Considering your options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1
Cost/benefit analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1
Simple payback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2
Net present value (NPV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2
Constant Dollar Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5
Section 4 The Building Envelope
Components and systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1
Air barrier systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1
Materials to use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2
Whereto seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.5
What to avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.6
Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.7
Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.7
Installing insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.8
Cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.8
Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.9
Vapour retarders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.9
The Energy Management Manual for Arena and Rink Operators
Table of Contents
Section 4 The Building Envelope(con’t)
Moisture problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.10
Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.10
How moisture accumulates in buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.10
Handling moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.11
Wall types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.11
Studs with drywall or plywood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.12
Precast concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.12
Metal buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.12
Masonry with reinforced membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.12
Insulated concrete forms (ICF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.13
Structural insulated panels (SIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.13
Energy efficiency of building types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.14
Parking lot controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.15
Section 5 Heating and Ventilation
Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1
Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2
Natural gas/propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2
Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2
Infrared radiantheaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3
Unit heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.4
Air conditioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.4
Rooftop heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5
Heat pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.6
Hot water/steam systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.7
Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.8
Natural ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.8
Health issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.9
Carbon monoxide safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.10
Mechanical ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.11
Heat recovery ventilators (HRVs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.11
Heat reclaim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.11
Heating ventilation energy efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.11
Basic concepts of energy management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.14
Domestic hot water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.14
Demand limiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.15
Section 6 Refrigeration
Refrigeration energy efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1
Ice making .....................................6.2
Rink floor slab construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2
Slab preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3
Water purity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3
Water purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4
The Energy Management Manual for Arena and Rink Operators
Table of Contents
Section 6 Refrigeration(con’t)
Painting the ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4
Ice thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4
Ice melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5
Ice temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5
Mechanical refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.6
The refrigeration cycle in rinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.6
Brine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.7
Variable brine temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.8
Night shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.8
Variable speed pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.9
Three options for improving brine pump control . . . . . . . .6.9
Liquid pressure amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.12
Brineline dehumidifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.12
Refrigeration dehumidifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.12
Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.13
Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.13
Time clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.13
Automatic controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.13
Computerized energy management systems . . . . . . . . . . .6.14
Integrated systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.14
Alternate heat sources/sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.15
Heat recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.16
Flood water heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.16
Domesticwater heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.17
Space heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.17
Under slab heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.17
Ice melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.18
Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.19
Power factor correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.19
Motor selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.20
Demand limiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.21
Low emissivity ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.21
Section summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.22
Section 7 Lighting
Optimum lighting sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.1
Common lighting sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3
T-12 Fluorescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3
Mercury Vapour (MV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3
Lighting levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.4
Lighting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.6
Incandescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.6
T-8 Fluorescent ...............................7.6
Metal halide (standard technology or probe-start) . . . . . . .7.7
Metal halide (pulse-start) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.8
The Energy Management Manual for Arena and Rink Operators
Table of Contents
Section 7 Lighting(con’t)
Metal halide lamp safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.8
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.9
Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.10
Lighting ballasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.11
Types of fluorescent lamp ballasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.11
Light emitting diode (LED) lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.13
Lighting applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.14
Converting your fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.14
Daylighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.15
Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.15
Lighting energy efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.16
Lighting control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.16
Planningan automatic lighting control system . . . . . . . .7.17
Light pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.20
Sky glow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.20
Light trespass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.22
Glare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.22
Section 8 Heating Effects of Electrical Equipment
Heat in thebuilding ...............................8.1
Indoor lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.2
Outdoor or indoor lighting in unheated areas . . . . . . . . . .8.4
Ice plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.4
Section 9 Operation and Maintenance
Skills andcommitment .............................9.1
Maintaining the building envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.1
Symptoms to look for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2
Maintaining the air barrier system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2
Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2
Cladding - rain penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.3
Vapour retarder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.3
Heatingequipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.4
Gas-fired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.4
Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.4
Water heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.5
Boiler water systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.6
Ventilation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.6
Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.6
Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.7
Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.7
Air conditioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.7
Heat recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.8
Planned maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.8
The Energy Management Manual for Arena and Rink Operators
Table of Contents
Section 9 Operation and Maintenance (con’t)
Operation of mechanical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.9
Ice maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.9
Energy saving practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.9
Section 10 Project Planning
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.1
Project concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.1
Demand forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.1
Economic base analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.2
Market needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.4
Planning process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.4
Planningfor energy efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.6
Cost avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.6
Inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.6
Financial analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.6
Typical repair and replacement costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.7
Planning checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.8
Appendix i Glossary of Terms
Appendix ii Reference Publications
Appendix iii Energy Calculations
Appendix iv Power Factor Corrections
Power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv.1
Section summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv.4
Appendix v Geo-exchange Systems for Rinks and Arenas
Ageo-exchange project review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v.1
Aberdeen and District Recreation Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v.3
Rink floors with thermal storage buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v.12
Demandsavings: A geo-exchange advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v.14
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v.14
Appendix vi Heat Recovery and Financial Assistance
Heat recovery from refrigeration systems - CTEC . . . . . . . . . . . .vi.1
Financial assistance for commercial, institutional
and municipal buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi.4
The Energy Management Manual for Arena and Rink Operators
Electrical and Natural Gas Rates » 1.1
Electrical rates
In most skating and curling rinks,the largest single operating cost is the monthly utility
bills. Knowing how you are charged will help you identify potential energy savings,which
will help you save money.
Terminology
The following are some of the key terms used to describe the electrical energy billed to
your facility:
Kilowatt-hours (kWh) Electrical energy consumption is measured in kilowatt-
hours. For example,a 2-kilowatt appliance operating for five hours consumes 10
kWh of electrical energy.
Kilovolt-ampere (kVA) Electrical demand is measured in kilovolt-amperes. It is
voltage,multiplied by current,divided by 1,000. In most facilities and applica-
tions,the total power measured in kilowatts is the same or close to the kVA
demand (when the power factor equals 1,then kVA=kW).
Basic Monthly Charge The basic monthly charge is the fixed monthly amount that
is charged for each service. It covers the cost of billing,meter reading and
account administration.
Billing Multiplier A billing multiplier is applied to your bill when there is a differ-
ence between the units the meter uses to measure electricity consumption and
the actual electricity consumed. For example,if a billing multiplier is 180,the
meter would record only one kilowatt-hour for every 180 kilowatt-hours consumed.
Cost of Electricity The amount charged for total energy consumption each billing
period.
First Block rate The amount charged for the first block of energy consumption for
each billing period.
Balance (or runoff) rate The amount charged for the last block of energy
consumption for each billing period.
Demand Charge The amount charged for the peak amount of power supplied
during each billing period measured in kVA.
Municipal Surcharge Saskpower collects on behalf of urban municipalities a 5 or
10 per cent surcharge amount that is applied to the total electrical charges.
Goods and Services Tax SaskPower collects and remits the Goods and Service Tax
(GST) to Canada Revenue Agency. The GST applies to the total of Electrical
Charges.
The Energy Management Manual for Arena and Rink Operators
Electrical and Natural Gas Rates » 1.2
General service rates
Effective February 1,2007 there are two rate structures for Saskatchewan urban and rural
skating and curling rinks – the Standard General Service and the Small General Service rates.
For information on The Small General Service rate is for facilities with a monthly electrical demand not exceed-
the current rate ing 75 kVA. The Standard General Service rate is for all accounts that do not qualify for the
structure for your Small General Service rate.
facilities, please
contact SaskPower
at: 1-888-SKPOWER
(757-6937).
SaskPower electrical rates as of February 1, 2007
Monthly Basic Charge: Urban Rural
Small General Service $ 18.92 (E75) $ 27.45 (E76)
Standard General Service $ 33.92 (E05) $ 41.80 (E06)
Plus
Energy Charge:
Small General Service rate
First 14,500 kWh @ 8.57¢/kWh First 13,250 [email protected]¢/kWh
Balance of kWh @ 5.153¢/kWh Balance of [email protected]¢/kWh
Standard General Service rate
First 16,750 kWh @ 8.31¢/kWh First 15,[email protected]¢/kWh
Balance of kWh @ 5.139¢/kWh Balance of [email protected]¢/kWh
Plus
Demand Charge:
Small General Service rate
First 50 kVA of monthly
recorded demand @ No charge No charge
Balance @ $10.38/kVA $ 10.95/kVA
Standard General Service rate
First 50 kVA of monthly
recorded demand @ No charge No charge
Balance @ $10.71/kVA $ 11.08/kVA
The Energy Management Manual for Arena and Rink Operators