The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 2: From 1865, Concise PDF
Preview The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 2: From 1865, Concise
The Enduring Vision This page intentionally left blank THE Enduring Vision A History of the American People Volume Two: From 1865 Concise Sixth Edition Paul S. Boyer University of Wisconsin, Madison Clifford E. Clark, Jr. Carleton College Sandra McNair Hawley San Jacinto College Joseph F. Kett University of Virginia Andrew Rieser State University of New York, Dutchess Community College Neal Salisbury Smith College Harvard Sitkoff University of New Hampshire Nancy Woloch Barnard College Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Editor-in-Chief: P. J. Boardman © 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Publisher: Suzanne Jeans ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may Senior Sponsoring Editor: Ann West be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, Senior Developmental Editor: Lisa Kalner scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information Williams storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the Assistant Editor: Megan Curry 1976 United States Copyright Act, without prior written permission of the Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates publisher. Marketing Communications Manager: Christine Dobberpuhl For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Senior Content Project Manager: Jane Lee Cengage Learning Academic Resource Center, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online Art and Design Manager: Jill Haber at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be emailed Cover Design Director: Tony Saizon to [email protected] Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton Library of Congress Control Number: 2008939229 Print Buyer: Paula Vang ISBN-13: 978-0-547-22278-3 Permissions Manager, Images: Jennifer Meyer Dare ISBN-10: 0-547-22278-5 Permissions Manager, Text: Katie Huha Editorial Assistant: Laura Collins Wadsworth Cover image: Mary Helmreich, San Francisco 25 Thomson Place Tiburon Ferry, 2006. Watercolor. Credit: Boston, MA 02210 © 2006 Mary Helmreich USA Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 Contents Maps xii 17 Charts, Graphs, Tables xiii The Transformation of the Preface xiv Trans-Mississippi West, 1860–1900 379 ❚ Native Americans and the Trans-Mississippi West 380 The Plains Indians 381 16 The Assault on Nomadic Indian Life 382 Custer’s Last Stand, 1876 384 The Crisis of Reconstruction, “Saving” the Indians 385 1865–1877 353 The Ghost Dance and the End of Indian Resistance on the Great Plains, 1890 386 ❚ Reconstruction Politics, 1865–1868 354 ❚ Settling the West 388 Lincoln’s Plan 354 The First Transcontinental Railroad 388 Presidential Reconstruction Settlers and the Railroad 388 Under Johnson 356 Homesteading on the Great Plains 390 Congress Versus Johnson 357 New Farms, New Markets 391 The Fourteenth Amendment, 1866 357 Building a Society and Achieving Statehood 392 Congressional Reconstruction, The Spread of Mormonism 392 1866–1867 358 The Impeachment Crisis, 1867–1868 359 ❚ Southwestern Borderlands 393 The Fifteenth Amendment and the ❚ Exploiting the Western Landscape 395 Question of Woman Suffrage, The Mining Frontier 395 1869–1870 360 Cowboys and the Cattle Frontier 396 ❚ Reconstruction Governments 362 Cattle Towns and Prostitutes 397 A New Electorate 362 Bonanza Farms 397 Republican Rule 363 The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889 398 Counterattacks 364 ❚ The West of Life and Legend 399 ❚ The Impact of Emancipation 366 The American Adam and the Confronting Freedom 366 Dime-Novel Hero 399 African-American Institutions 366 Revitalizing the Frontier Legend 400 Land, Labor, and Sharecropping 368 Beginning a National Parks Movement 401 Toward a Crop-Lien Economy 369 ❚ New Concerns in the North, 1868–1876 370 Grantism 370 18 The Liberals’ Revolt 371 The Panic of 1873 372 The Rise of Industrial America, Reconstruction and the Constitution 373 1865–1900 404 Republicans in Retreat 373 ❚ Reconstruction Abandoned, 1876–1877 375 ❚ The Rise of Corporate America 405 “Redeeming” the South 376 The Character of Industrial Change 405 The Election of 1876 377 Railroad Innovations 406 v vi Contents Consolidating the Railroad Industry 406 ❚ Working-Class Leisure in the Immigrant City 441 Applying the Lessons of the Railroads Streets and Saloons 441 to Steel 408 The Rise of Professional Sports 442 The Trust: Creating New Forms of Vaudeville, Amusement Parks, and Corporate Organization 409 Dance Halls 442 ❚ Stimulating Economic Growth 410 Ragtime 443 The Triumph of Technology 410 ❚ Cultures in Confl ict 444 Specialized Production 411 The Genteel Tradition and Its Critics 444 Advertising and Marketing 412 Modernism in Architecture and Painting 446 Economic Growth: Costs and Benefi ts 412 From Victorian Lady to New Woman 446 ❚ The New South 413 Public Education as an Arena of Obstacles to Economic Development 413 Class Confl ict 448 The New South Creed and Southern Industrialization 414 The Southern Mill Economy 414 20 The Southern Industrial Lag 415 ❚ Factories and the Work Force 416 Politics and Expansion in an From Workshop to Factory 416 Industrializing Age, 1877–1900 451 The Hardships of Industrial Labor 416 Immigrant Labor 417 ❚ Party Politics in an Era of Upheaval, 1877–1884 452 Women and Work in Industrial America 418 Contested Political Visions 452 Hard Work and the Gospel of Success 418 Patterns of Party Strength 454 ❚ Labor Unions and Industrial Confl ict 419 Regulating the Money Supply 455 Organizing Workers 420 Civil-Service Reform 456 Strikes and Labor Violence 422 ❚ Politics of Privilege, Politics of Exclusion, Social Thinkers Probe for Alternatives 423 1884–1892 457 A Democrat in the White House: Grover Cleveland, 1885–1889 459 Big Business Strikes Back: Benjamin Harrison, 19 1889–1893 459 Agrarian Protest and the Rise of the Immigration, Urbanization, and People’s Party 459 Everyday Life, 1860–1900 426 African-Americans After Reconstruction 461 ❚ The New American City 427 ❚ The 1890s: Politics in a Depression Decade 464 1892: Populists Challenge the Status Quo 464 Migrants and Immigrants 428 Capitalism in Crisis: The Depression of Adjusting to an Urban Society 431 1893–1897 464 Slums and Ghettos 431 Business Leaders Respond 465 Fashionable Avenues and Suburbs 432 1894: Protest Grows Louder 466 ❚ Middle- and Upper-Class Society and Culture 433 Silver Advocates Capture the Democratic Manners and Morals 433 Party 467 The Cult of Domesticity 433 1896: Republicans Triumphant 467 Department Stores 434 ❚ Expansionist Stirrings and War with Spain, The Transformation of Higher Education 435 1878–1901 469 ❚ Working-Class Politics and Reform 436 Roots of Expansionist Sentiment 469 Political Bosses and Machine Politics 436 Pacifi c Expansion 470 Battling Poverty 437 Crisis over Cuba 471 New Approaches to Social Reform 438 The Spanish-American War, 1898 472 The Moral Purity Campaign 438 Critics of Empire 473 The Social Gospel 439 Guerrilla War in the Philippines, 1898–1902 473 The Settlement-House Movement 439 Contents vii The Panama Canal: Hardball Diplomacy 508 21 Roosevelt and Taft Assert U.S. Power in Latin America and Asia 509 The Progressive Era, 1900–1917 476 Wilson and Latin America 511 ❚ Progressives and Their Ideas 477 ❚ War in Europe, 1914–1917 512 The Coming of War 512 The Many Faces of Progressivism 477 The Perils of Neutrality 512 Intellectuals Offer New Social Views 480 The United States Enters the War 514 Novelists, Journalists, and Artists Spotlight Social Problems 481 ❚ Mobilizing at Home, Fighting in France, ❚ State and Local Progressivism 481 1917–1918 515 Raising, Training, and Testing an Army 515 Reforming the Political Process 482 Organizing the Economy for War 516 Regulating Business, Protecting Workers 483 With the American Expeditionary Force Making Cities More Livable 484 in France 517 Progressivism and Social Control 485 Turning the Tide 519 Moral Control in the Cities 486 Battling Alcohol and Drugs 487 ❚ Promoting the War and Suppressing Dissent 519 Immigration Restriction and Eugenics 487 Advertising the War 519 Racism and Progressivism 488 Wartime Intolerance and Dissent 520 ❚ Blacks, Women, and Workers Organize 490 Suppressing Dissent by Law 521 African-American Leaders Organize ❚ Economic and Social Trends in Against Racism 490 Wartime America 522 Revival of the Woman-Suffrage Movement 491 Boom Times in Industry and Agriculture 522 Enlarging “Woman’s Sphere” 493 Blacks Migrate Northward 523 Workers Organize; Socialism Advances 494 Women in Wartime 524 ❚ National Progressivism Phase I: Roosevelt and Public Health Crisis: The 1918 Infl uenza P andemic 524 Taft, 1901–1913 495 The War and Progressivism 524 Roosevelt’s Path to the White House 495 Labor Disputes, Trustbusting, Railroad ❚ Joyous Armistice, Bitter Aftermath, 1918–1920 525 Regulation 495 Wilson’s Fourteen Points; The Armistice 525 Consumer Protection 496 The Versailles Peace Conference, 1919 526 Environmentalism Progressive-Style 497 The Fight over the League of Nations 527 Taft in the White House, 1909–1913 499 Racism and Red Scare, 1919–1920 528 The Four-Way Election of 1912 500 The Election of 1920 529 ❚ National Progressivism Phase II: Woodrow Wilson, 1913–1917 501 Tariff and Banking Reform 501 23 Regulating Business; Aiding Workers and Farmers 502 The 1920s: Coping with Change, Progressivism and the Constitution 502 1920–1929 532 1916: Wilson Edges out Hughes 503 ❚ A New Economic Order 533 Booming Business, Ailing Agriculture 533 New Modes of Producing, Managing, 22 and Selling 534 Global Involvements and Women in the New Economic Era 536 Struggling Labor Unions in a Business Age 536 World War I, 1902–1920 505 ❚ The Harding and Coolidge Administrations 537 ❚ Defi ning America’s World Role, 1902–1914 506 Standpat Politics in a Decade of Change 537 The “Open Door”: Competing for the Republican Policy Making in a Probusiness China Market 506 Era 538 viii Contents Independent Internationalism 538 1934–1935: Challenges from Right Progressive Stirrings, Democratic and Left 566 Party Divisions 540 ❚ The New Deal Changes Course, 1935–1936 567 Women and Politics in the 1920s: Expanding Federal Relief 567 A Dream Deferred 540 Aiding Migrants, Supporting Unions, Regulating ❚ Mass Society, Mass Culture 541 Business, Taxing the Wealthy 568 Cities, Cars, Consumer Goods 541 The Social Security Act of 1935: End of the Soaring Energy Consumption and a Second New Deal 569 Threatened Environment 542 The 1936 Roosevelt Landslide and the New Mass-Produced Entertainment 543 Democratic Coalition 570 Celebrity Culture 544 The Environment and the West 571 ❚ Cultural Ferment and Creativity 545 ❚ The New Deal’s End Stage, 1937–1939 573 The Jazz Age and the Postwar Crisis FDR and the Supreme Court 573 of Values 545 The Roosevelt Recession 573 Alienated Writers 546 Final Measures, Growing Opposition 574 Architects, Painters, and Musicians Celebrate ❚ Social Change and Social Action in the 1930s 575 Modern America 546 The Depression’s Psychological and The Harlem Renaissance 547 Social Impact 576 ❚ A Society in Confl ict 548 Industrial Workers Unionize 577 Immigration Restriction 548 Blacks and Hispanic-Americans Resist Racism Needed Workers/Unwelcome Aliens: and Exploitation 579 Hispanic Newcomers 549 A New Deal for Native Americans 580 Nativism, Antiradicalism, and the Sacco- ❚ The American Cultural Scene in the 1930s 581 Vanzetti Case 549 Avenues of Escape: Radio and the Movies 581 Fundamentalism and the Scopes Trial 550 The Later 1930s: Opposing Fascism, The Ku Klux Klan 551 Reaffi rming Traditional Values 582 The Garvey Movement 552 Streamlining and a World’s Fair: Corporate Prohibition: Cultures in Confl ict 552 America’s Utopian Vision 584 ❚ Hoover at the Helm 553 The Election of 1928 553 Herbert Hoover’s Social Thought 554 25 Americans and a World in Crisis, 24 1933–1945 587 The Great Depression and the ❚ The United States in a Menacing World, 1933–1939 588 New Deal, 1929–1939 557 Nationalism and the Good Neighbor 588 ❚ Crash and Depression, 1929–1932 558 The Rise of Aggressive States in Europe Black Thursday and the Onset and Asia 589 of the Depression 558 The American Mood: No More War 590 Hoover’s Response 560 The Gathering Storm: 1938–1939 591 Mounting Discontent and Protest 560 America and the Jewish Refugees 591 The Election of 1932 561 ❚ Into the Storm, 1939–1941 592 ❚ The New Deal Takes Shape, 1933–1935 562 The European War 592 Roosevelt and His Circle 562 From Isolation to Intervention 593 The Hundred Days 563 Pearl Harbor and the Coming of War 594 Problems and Controversies Plague the Early ❚ America Mobilizes for War 595 New Deal 565 Organizing for Victory 596 The War Economy 596 Contents ix A Wizard War” 598 27 Propaganda and Politics 598 ❚ The Battlefront, 1942–1944 599 America at Mid-Century, 1952–1960 638 Liberating Europe 599 War in the Pacifi c 601 ❚ The Eisenhower Presidency 639 The Grand Alliance 603 “Dynamic Conservatism” 639 ❚ War and American Society 603 The Downfall of Joseph McCarthy 640 The GIs’ War 604 Jim Crow in Court 641 The Home Front 604 The Laws of the Land 642 Racism and New Opportunities 606 ❚ The Cold War Continues 643 War and Diversity 607 Ike and Dulles 643 The Internment of Japa nese-Americans 608 CIA Covert Actions 644 ❚ Triumph and Tragedy, 1945 609 The Vietnam Domino 645 The Yalta Conference 610 Troubles in the Third World 645 Victory in Europe 610 The Eisenhower Legacy 646 The Holocaust 611 ❚ The Affl uent Society 647 The Atomic Bombs 612 The New Industrial Society 647 The Age of Computers 648 The Costs of Bigness 649 26 Blue-Collar Blues 649 Prosperity and the Suburbs 650 The Cold War Abroad and at Home, ❚ Consensus and Conservatism 651 1945–1952 616 Togetherness and the Baby Boom 651 Domesticity 652 ❚ The Postwar Political Setting, 1945–1946 617 Religion and Education 653 Demobilization and Reconversion 617 The Culture of the Fifties 653 The GI Bill of Rights 618 The Television Culture 653 The Economic Boom Begins 619 ❚ The Other America 654 Truman’s Domestic Program 620 Poverty and Urban Blight 655 ❚ Anticommunism and Containment, 1946–1952 621 Blacks’ Struggle for Justice 656 Polarization and Cold War 621 Latinos and Latinas 656 The Iron Curtain Descends 622 Native Americans 657 Containing Communism 623 ❚ Seeds of Disquiet 658 Confrontation in Germany 624 Sputnik 658 The Cold War in Asia 626 A Different Beat 658 The Korean War, 1950–1953 627 Portents of Change 659 ❚ The Truman Administration at Home, 1945–1952 629 The Eightieth Congress, 1947–1948 629 28 The Politics of Civil Rights and the Election of 1948 630 The Liberal Era, 1960–1968 662 The Fair Deal 632 ❚ The Politics of Anticommunism 632 ❚ The Kennedy Presidency, 1960–1963 663 Loyalty and Security 632 A New Beginning 663 The Anticommunist Crusade 633 Kennedy’s Domestic Record 664 Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs 634 Cold War Activism 665 McCarthyism 635 To the Brink of Nuclear War 666 The Election of 1952 635 The Thousand-Day Presidency 667 ❚ The Struggle for Black Equality, 1961–1968 668 Nonviolence and Violence 668 x Contents The African-American Revolution 668 A Troubled Economy 702 The March on Washington, 1963 669 Law and Order 703 The Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts 670 The Southern Strategy 704 Fire in the Streets 671 ❚ The Crisis of the Presidency 704 “Black Power” 672 The Election of 1972 704 ❚ Liberalism Ascendant, 1963–1968 673 The Watergate Upheaval 705 Johnson Takes Over 674 A President Disgraced 706 The 1964 Election 674 Triumphant Liberalism 675 The Warren Court in the Sixties 676 ❚ Voices of Protest 676 30 Native American Activism 677 Conservative Resurgence, Hispanic-Americans and Asian-Americans Organize 677 Economic Woes, Foreign A Second Feminist Wave 678 Challenges, 1974–1989 709 Women’s Liberation 678 ❚ The Liberal Crusade in Vietnam, 1961–1968 679 ❚ Cultural Changes 710 Kennedy and Vietnam 679 Personal Pursuits and Diversions 710 Escalation of the War 681 Changing Gender Roles and Sexual Behavior 712 The Endless War 682 The Persistence of Social Activism 713 Doves Versus Hawks 682 Grass-Roots Conservatism 714 Evangelical Protestants Mobilize 715 ❚ Economic and Social Changes in Post-1960s America 716 29 A Changing Economy 716 The Two Worlds of Black America 717 A Time of Upheaval, 1968–1974 685 Brightening Prospects for Native Americans 717 New Patterns of Immigration 718 ❚ The Youth Movement 686 ❚ Years of Malaise: Post-Watergate Politics Toward a New Left 686 and Diplomacy, 1974–1981 719 From Protest to Resistance 687 The Caretaker Presidency of Gerald Ford, Kent State and Jackson State 688 1974–1977 719 Legacy of Student Frenzy 689 The Outsider as Insider: President Jimmy ❚ The Counterculture 690 Carter, 1977–1981 720 Hippies and Drugs 691 The Middle East: Peace Accords Musical Revolution 691 and Hostages 721 The Sexual Revolution 691 Troubles and Frustration as Carter’s Gay Liberation 692 Term Ends 722 ❚ 1968: The Politics of Upheaval 693 ❚ The Reagan Revolution, 1981–1984 722 The Tet Offensive in Vietnam 693 Roots of the Reagan Revolution 723 A Shaken President 694 Reaganomics 724 Assassinations and Turmoil 694 The “Evil Empire” and Crises in the Conservative Resurgence 695 Middle East 725 ❚ Nixon and World Politics 696 Military Buildup and Antinuclear Protest 727 Vietnamization 697 Reagan Reelected 728 LBJ’s War Becomes Nixon’s War 698 ❚ Reagan’s Second Term, 1985–1989 729 America’s Longest War Ends 698 Supreme Court Appointments, Budget Defi cits, Détente 699 the Iran-Contra Scandal 729 Shuttle Diplomacy 700 Reagan’s Mission to Moscow 730 ❚ Domestic Problems and Divisions 701 The Middle East: Tensions and Terrorism 731 The Nixon Presidency 701 Assessing the Reagan Years 731
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