The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 1: To 1877, Concise PDF
Preview The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 1: To 1877, Concise
The Enduring Vision This page intentionally left blank THE Enduring Vision A History of the American People Volume One: To 1877 Concise Sixth Edition Paul S. Boyer University of Wisconsin, Madison Clifford E. Clark, Jr. Carleton College Sandra McNair Hawley San Jacinto College Joseph F. Kett University of Virginia Andrew Rieser State University of New York, Dutchess Community College Neal Salisbury Smith College Harvard Sitkoff University of New Hampshire Nancy Woloch Barnard College Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Editor-in-Chief: P. J. Boardman © 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Publisher: Suzanne Jeans ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Further permissions questions can be emailed Cover Design Director: Tony Saizon to [email protected] Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton Library of Congress Control Number: 2008939229 Print Buyer: Paula Vang ISBN-13: 978-0-547-22281-3 Permissions Manager, Images: Jennifer Meyer Dare ISBN-10: 0-547-22281-5 Permissions Manager, Text: Katie Huha Editorial Assistant: Laura Collins Wadsworth Cover image: View of the South East Prospect 25 Thomson Place of the City of Philadelphia by Peter Cooper Boston, MA 02210 on a signboard, 1720. Credit: Library USA Company of Philadelphia. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 Contents Maps xi Colonizing Canada 31 Charts, Graphs, Tables xii En gland and the Atlantic World, 1558–1603 33 Preface xiii Failure and Success in Virginia, 1603–1625 33 New En gland Begins, 1614–1625 35 A “New Netherland” on the Hudson, 1 1609–1625 36 Native P eoples of America, to 1500 1 ❚ The First Americans, c. 13,000–2500 b.c. 2 3 Peopling New Worlds 2 Archaic Societies 2 The Emergence of Colonial ❚ Cultural Diversity, c. 2500 b.c.–a.d. 1500 5 Societies, 1625–1700 38 Mesoamerica and South America 5 The Southwest 6 ❚ Chesapeake Society 39 The Eastern Woodlands 7 State and Church in Virginia 39 Nonfarming Societies 10 State and Church in Maryland 40 ❚ North American Peoples on the Eve of Death, Gender, and Kinship 42 Tobacco Shapes a Region, 1630–1670 42 European Contact 11 Bacon’s Rebellion, 1675–1676 43 Kinship and Gender 11 From Servitude to Slavery 44 Spiritual and Social Values 13 ❚ Puritanism in New En gland 45 A City upon a Hill, 1628–1632 45 New Eng land Ways 46 2 Towns, Families, and Farm Life 48 Economic and Religious Tensions 49 The Rise of the Atlantic World, Expansion and Native Americans 50 Salem Witchcraft, 1691–1693 52 1400–1625 16 ❚ The Spread of Slavery: The Caribbean ❚ African and European Backgrounds 17 and Carolina 53 West Africa: Tradition and Change 17 Sugar and Slaves: The West Indies 54 European Culture and Society 19 Rice and Slaves: Carolina 54 Religious Upheavals 22 ❚ The Middle Colonies 56 The Reformation in En gland, 1533–1625 24 Precursors: New Netherland and ❚ Europe and the Atlantic World, 1440–1600 25 New Sweden 56 Portugal and the Atlantic, 1440–1600 25 En glish Conquests: New York and The “New Slavery” and Racism 25 New Jersey 57 To America and Beyond, 1492–1541 26 Quaker Pennsylvania 58 Spain’s Conquistadors, 1492–1526 28 ❚ Rivals for North America: France and Spain 60 The Columbian Exchange 29 France Claims a Continent 60 ❚ Footholds in North America, 1512–1625 30 New Mexico: The Pueblo Revolt 61 Spain’s Northern Frontier 30 Florida and Texas 62 v vi Contents Crisis over the Townshend Duties, 1767 102 4 The Colonists’ Reaction, 1767–1769 103 Women and Colonial Resistance 104 The Bonds of Empire, 1660–1750 65 Customs “Racketeering,” 1767–1768 105 Wilkes and Liberty, 1768–1770 106 ❚ Rebellion and War, 1660–1713 66 ❚ The Deepening Crisis, 1770–1774 107 Royal Centralization, 1660–1688 66 The Boston Massacre, 1770 107 The Glorious Revolution in En gland and The Committees of Correspondence, America, 1688–1689 67 1772–1773 108 A Generation of War, 1689–1713 69 Confl icts in the Backcountry 109 ❚ Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660–1750 70 The Tea Act, 1773 110 Mercantilist Empires in America 70 ❚ Toward Independence, 1774–1776 111 Population Growth and Diversity 71 Liberty for African-Americans 111 Rural White Men and Women 75 The “Intolerable Acts” 111 Colonial Farmers and the Environment 75 The First Continental Congress 112 The Urban Paradox 76 From Resistance to Rebellion 113 Slavery 77 Common Sense 114 The Rise of the Colonial Elites 78 Declaring Independence 115 ❚ Competing for a Continent, 1713–1750 79 France and the American Heartland 79 Native Americans and British Expansion 80 British Expansion in the South: Georgia 80 Spain’s Borderlands 81 6 The Return of War, 1739–1748 82 ❚ Public Life in British America, 1689–1750 83 Securing Independence, Defi ning Colonial Politics 83 Nationhood, 1776–1788 118 The Enlightenment 84 ❚ The Prospects of War 119 The Great Awakening 86 Loyalists and Other British Sympathizers 119 The Opposing Sides 120 ❚ War and Peace, 1776–1783 122 Shifting Fortunes in the North, 5 1776–1778 122 The War in the West, 1776–1782 125 Roads to Revolution, 1750–1776 90 American Victory in the South, ❚ Triumph and Tensions: The British Empire, 1778–1781 126 1750–1763 91 Peace at Last, 1782–1783 127 A Fragile Peace, 1750–1754 91 ❚ The Revolution and Social Change 128 The Seven Years’ War in America, Egalitarianism Among White Men 128 1754–1760 92 White Women in Wartime 129 The End of French North America, A Revolution for Black Americans 130 1760–1763 94 Native Americans and the Revolution 131 Anglo-American Friction 94 ❚ Forging New Governments, 1776–1787 132 Frontier Tensions 95 From Colonies to States 132 ❚ Imperial Authority, Colonial Opposition, Formalizing a Confederation, 1776–1781 134 1760–1766 96 Finance, Trade, and the Economy, The Writs of Assistance, 1760–1761 96 1781–1786 134 The Sugar Act, 1764 97 The Confederation and the West, The Stamp Act Crisis, 1765–1766 97 1785–1787 135 The Declaratory Act, 1766 100 ❚ Toward a New Constitution, 1786–1788 137 Ideology, Religion, and Resistance 101 Shays’s Rebellion, 1786–1787 137 ❚ Resistance Resumes, 1766–1770 102 The Philadelphia Convention, 1787 138 Opposing the Quartering Act, 1766–1767 102 The Struggle over Ratifi cation, 1787–1788 141 Contents vii The Embargo Act of 1807 180 7 James Madison and the Failure of Peaceable Coercion 181 Launching the New Republic, Tecumseh and the Prophet 182 1788–1800 145 Congress Votes for War 183 ❚ The War of 1812 184 ❚ Constitutional Government Takes Shape, On to Canada 184 1788–1796 146 The British Offensive 184 Implementing Government 146 The Treaty of Ghent, 1814 186 The Federal Judiciary and the Bill of Rights 146 The Hartford Convention 186 ❚ Hamilton’s Domestic Policies, 1789–1794 148 ❚ The Awakening of American Nationalism 187 Hamilton and His Objectives 148 Madison’s Nationalism and the Era of Establishing the Nation’s Credit 149 Good Feelings, 1817–1824 187 Creating a National Bank 150 John Marshall and the Supreme Court 188 Emerging Partisanship 151 The Missouri Compromise, 1820–1821 189 The Whiskey Rebellion 152 Foreign Policy Under Monroe 190 ❚ The United States in a Wider World, 1789–1796 153 The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 191 Spanish Power in Western North America 153 Challenging American Expansion, 1789–1792 154 9 France and Factional Politics, 1793 154 Diplomacy and War, 1793–1796 156 The Transformation of American ❚ Parties and Politics, 1793–1800 157 Society, 1815–1840 193 Ideological Confrontation, 1793–1794 157 The Republican Party, 1794–1796 158 ❚ Westward Expansion 194 The Election of 1796 159 The Sweep West 194 The French Crisis, 1798–1799 160 Western Society and Customs 194 The Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 160 The Far West 195 The Election of 1800 162 The Federal Government and the West 196 ❚ Economic and Social Change 163 The Removal of the Indians 196 Producing for Markets 163 The Agricultural Boom 198 White Women in the Republic 164 ❚ The Growth of the Market Economy 199 Land and Culture: Native Americans 165 Federal Land Policy 199 African-American Struggles 166 The Speculator and the Squatter 200 The Panic of 1819 200 The Transportation Revolution: Steamboats, Canals, and Railroads 201 8 The Growth of the Cities 203 Jeffersonianism and the Era of ❚ Industrial Beginnings 204 Good Feelings, 1801–1824 170 Causes of Industrialization 204 Textile Towns in New En gland 205 ❚ The Age of Jefferson 171 Artisans and Workers in Mid-Atlantic Cities 206 Jefferson and Jeffersonianism 171 ❚ Equality and Inequality 206 Jefferson’s “Revolution” 172 Growing Inequality: The Rich and the Poor 207 Jefferson and the Judiciary 172 Free Blacks in the North 208 The Louisiana Purchase 174 The “Middling Classes” 209 The Election of 1804 176 ❚ The Revolution in Social Relationships 209 The Lewis and Clark Expedition 176 The Attack on the Professions 210 ❚ The Gathering Storm 177 The Challenge to Family Authority 210 Challenges on the Home Front 177 Wives and Husbands 211 The Suppression of American Trade and Horizontal Allegiances and the Rise of Impressment 179 Voluntary Associations 212 viii Contents Disease and Health 244 10 Popular Health Movements 245 Phrenology 245 Democratic Politics, Religious Revival, ❚ Democratic Pastimes 246 and Reform, 1824–1840 214 Newspapers 246 The Theater 247 ❚ The Rise of Democratic Politics, 1824–1832 215 Minstrel Shows 247 Democratic Ferment 215 P. T. Barnum 248 The Election of 1824 215 ❚ The Quest for Nationality in Literature John Quincy Adams as President 216 and Art 248 The Rise of Andrew Jackson 216 Roots of the American Renaissance 249 The Election of 1828 218 Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau, Fuller, and Jackson in Offi ce 218 Whitman 249 Nullifi cation 219 Hawthorne, Melville, and Poe 251 The Bank Veto and the Election of 1832 221 Literature in the Marketplace 252 ❚ The Bank Controversy and the Second Party American Landscape Painting 253 System, 1833–1840 222 The War on the Bank 222 The Rise of Whig Opposition 223 The Election of 1836 223 12 The Panic of 1837 224 The Search for Solutions 224 The Old South and Slavery, The Election of 1840 225 1830–1860 255 The Second Party System Matures 225 ❚ The Rise of Popular Religion 226 ❚ King Cotton 256 The Second Great Awakening 226 The Lure of Cotton 257 Eastern Revivals 227 Ties Between the Lower and Critics of Revivals: The Unitarians 227 Upper South 258 The Rise of Mormonism 228 The North and South Diverge 258 The Shakers 228 ❚ The Social Groups of the White South 260 ❚ The Age of Reform 229 Planters and Plantation Mistresses 261 The War on Liquor 229 The Small Slaveholders 262 Public-School Reform 230 The Yeomen 262 Abolition 231 The People of the Pine Barrens 263 Women’s Rights 233 ❚ Social Relations in the White South 263 Penitentiaries and Asylums 234 Confl ict and Consensus in the Utopian Communities 235 White South 264 Confl ict over Slavery 264 The Proslav ery Argument 265 11 Violence in the White South 266 The Code of Honor and Dueling 266 Technology, Culture, and Everyday The Southern Evangelicals and Life, 1840–1860 237 White Values 267 ❚ Life Under Slavery 267 ❚ Technology and Economic Growth 238 The Maturing of the Plantation System 268 Agricultural Advancement 238 Work and Discipline of Plantation Slaves 268 Technology and Industrial Progress 238 The Slave Family 269 The Railroad Boom 240 The Longevity, Health, and Diet of Slaves 271 Rising Prosperity 242 Slaves off Plantations 272 ❚ The Quality Of Life 242 Life on the Margin: Free Blacks in the Dwellings 243 Old South 272 Conveniences and Inconveniences 243 Slave Resistance 273 Contents ix ❚ The Emergence of African-American Culture 274 Assessing the Compromise 305 The Language of Slaves 274 Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act 306 African-American Religion 275 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 306 Black Music and Dance 276 The Election of 1852 308 ❚ The Collapse of the Second Party System, 1853–1856 308 The Kansas-Nebraska Act 309 13 The Surge of Free Soil 309 The Ebbing of Manifest Destiny 310 Immigration, Expansion, and The Whigs Disintegrate, 1854–1855 310 Sectional Confl ict, 1840–1848 278 The Rise and Fall of the Know-Nothings, 1853–1856 311 ❚ Newcomers and Natives 279 The Republican Party and the Crisis in Kansas, Expectations and Realities 279 1855–1856 312 The Germans 280 The Election of 1856 313 The Irish 281 ❚ The Crisis of the Union, 1857–1860 314 Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and The Dred Scott Case, 1857 314 Labor Protest 282 The Lecompton Constitution, 1857 315 Immigrant Politics 283 The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 316 ❚ The West and Beyond 284 The Legacy of Harpers Ferry 318 The Far West 284 The South Contemplates Secession 319 Far Western Trade 284 ❚ The Collapse of the Union, 1860–1861 319 The American Settlement of Texas The Election of 1860 319 to 1835 286 The Movement for Secession 321 The Texas Revolution, 1836 286 The Search for Compromise 322 American Settlements in Cal i fornia, The Coming of War 322 New Mexico, and Oregon 287 The Overland Trails 287 ❚ The Politics of Expansion, 1840–1846 288 The Whig Ascendancy 289 15 Tyler and the Annexation of Texas 289 The Election of 1844 290 Crucible of Freedom: Civil War, Manifest Destiny, 1845 291 1861–1865 324 Polk and Oregon 292 ❚ The Mexican-American War and Its Aftermath, ❚ Mobilizing for War 325 1846–1848 293 Recruitment and Conscription 325 The Origins of the Mexican-American War 293 Financing the War 327 The Mexican-American War 294 Political Leadership in Wartime 328 The War’s Effects on Sectional Confl ict 297 Securing the Union’s Borders 330 The Wilmot Proviso 297 ❚ In Battle, 1861–1862 331 The Election of 1848 298 Armies, Weapons, and Strategies 331 The Cali f ornia Gold Rush 299 Stalemate in the East 332 The War in the West 335 The Soldiers’ War 335 14 Ironclads and Cruisers: The Naval War 336 The Diplomatic War 337 From Compromise to Secession, ❚ Emancipation Transforms the War, 1863 338 1850–1861 301 From Confi scation to Emancipation 338 Crossing Union Lines 339 ❚ The Compromise of 1850 302 Black Soldiers in the Union Army 340 Zachary Taylor at the Helm 303 Slavery in Wartime 340 Henry Clay Proposes a Compromise 304 The Turning Point of 1863 341 x Contents ❚ War and Society, North and South 343 ❚ Reconstruction Governments 362 The War’s Economic Impact: The North 343 A New Electorate 362 The War’s Economic Impact: The South 344 Republican Rule 363 Dealing with Dissent 345 Counterattacks 364 The Medical War 346 ❚ The Impact of Emancipation 366 The War and Women’s Rights 347 Confronting Freedom 366 ❚ The Union Victorious, 1864–1865 347 African-American Institutions 366 The Eastern Theater in 1864 348 Land, Labor, and Sharecropping 368 The Election of 1864 348 Toward a Crop-Lien Economy 369 Sherman’s March Through Georgia 349 ❚ New Concerns in the North, 1868–1876 370 Toward Appomattox 350 Grantism 370 The Impact of the War 351 The Liberals’ Revolt 371 The Panic of 1873 372 Reconstruction and the Constitution 373 Republicans in Retreat 373 ❚ Reconstruction Abandoned, 1876–1877 375 16 “Redeeming” the South 376 The Election of 1876 377 The Crisis of Reconstruction, 1865–1877 353 Appendix A-1 ❚ Reconstruction Politics, 1865–1868 354 Declaration of Independence A-1 Constitution of the United States Lincoln’s Plan 354 of America A-4 Presidential Reconstruction Presidential Elections, 1789–2008 A-14 Under Johnson 356 Congress Versus Johnson 357 Photograph Credits C-1 The Fourteenth Amendment, 1866 357 Congressional Reconstruction, 1866–1867 358 Index I-1 The Impeachment Crisis, 1867–1868 359 The Fifteenth Amendment and the Question of Woman Suffrage, 1869–1870 360
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