The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Dolphin Edition, Volume II: Since 1865 PDF
Preview The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Dolphin Edition, Volume II: Since 1865
341967_boyer_ch_FMV2.qxp 11/16/07 1:21 PM Page iii 1 2 The Enduring Vision 3 4 5 6 7 A History of the 8 9 American People 10 11 12 13 Sixth Edition 14 15 16 Volume II: Since 1865 17 18 Dolphin Edition 19 20 21 22 Paul S. Boyer 23 University ofWisconsin 24 25 Clifford E. Clark, Jr. 26 27 Carleton College 28 29 Joseph F. Kett 30 University ofVirginia 31 32 33 Neal Salisbury 34 Smith College 35 36 Harvard Sitkoff 37 38 University ofNew Hampshire 39 40 Nancy Woloch 41 Barnard College 42 43 44 45 Houghton Mifflin Company 46 Boston New York R 47 L 48 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 3rd Pass Pages 341967_boyer_ch_FMV2.qxp 11/16/07 11:03 AM Page iv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Publisher:Suzanne Jeans 14 Senior Sponsoring Editor:Ann West 15 Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates 16 Senior Development Editor: Jeffrey Greene 17 Senior Project Editor: Bob Greiner 18 Senior Art and Design Manager: Jill Haber 19 Cover Design Director: Anthony L.Saizon 20 Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare 21 Senior Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton 22 New Title Project Manager: Patricia O’Neill 23 Editorial Assistant: Evangeline Bermas 24 Marketing Associate: Lauren Bussard 25 26 Editorial Production Assistant: Laura Collins 27 28 Cover art: Mary Helmreich, San Francisco Tiburon Ferry, 2006. © 2006 Mary 29 Helmreich. 30 31 32 33 Copyright © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. 34 No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any 35 means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying and recording,or by any 36 information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission by 37 federal copyright law.Address inquiries to College Permissions,Houghton Mifflin 38 Company,222 Berkeley Street,Boston,MA 02116-3764. 39 40 Printed in the U.S.A. 41 42 Library ofCongress Catalog Number:2007937003 43 44 ISBN-10:0-547-05218-9 45 ISBN-13:978-0-547-05218-2 46 47 R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 – VHO – 11 10 09 08 07 48 L Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 3rd Pass Pages 341967_boyer_ch_FMV2.qxp 11/16/07 11:03 AM Page v Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Preface xix 8 About the Authors xxiii 9 10 16 11 12 THE CRISES OF Reconstruction Politics,1865–1868 481 13 RECONSTRUCTION, Lincoln’s Plan 482 14 1865–1877 CHRONOLOGY, 1865–1877 483 15 481 Presidential Reconstruction Under Johnson 484 16 Congress Versus Johnson 486 17 The Fourteenth Amendment,1866 487 18 Congressional Reconstruction,1866–1867 488 19 The Impeachment Crisis,1867–1868 489 20 The Fifteenth Amendment and the Question ofWoman 21 Suffrage,1869–1870 490 22 Reconstruction Governments 492 23 A New Electorate 493 24 Republican Rule 495 25 Counterattacks 496 26 The Impact ofEmancipation 497 27 Confronting Freedom 497 28 African-American Institutions 499 29 Land,Labor,and Sharecropping 500 30 Toward a Crop-Lien Economy 502 31 32 New Concerns in the North,1868–1876 503 33 Grantism 503 34 The Liberals’Revolt 504 35 The Panic of1873 505 36 TECHNOLOGYANDCULTURE The Sewing Machine 506 37 Reconstruction and the Constitution 509 38 Republicans in Retreat 510 39 Reconstruction Abandoned,1876–1877 510 40 “Redeeming”the South 510 41 The Election of1876 512 42 Conclusion 514 43 44 45 46 R 47 L 48 v Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. 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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 2nd Pass Pages 341967_boyer_ch_FMV2.qxp 11/16/07 11:03 AM Page vi vi Contents 1 17 2 3 THE Native Americans and the Trans-Mississippi West 516 4 TRANSFORMATION OF CHRONOLOGY, 1860–1900 517 5 THE TRANS- The Plains Indians 518 6 MISSISSIPPI WEST, The Assault on Nomadic Indian Life 519 7 Custer’s Last Stand,1876 522 1860–1900 8 “Saving”the Indians 524 9 516 The Ghost Dance and the End ofIndianResistance on the Great 10 Plains,1890 525 11 Settling the West 526 12 The First Transcontinental Railroad 526 13 Settlers and the Railroad 527 14 Homesteading on the Great Plains 528 15 New Farms,New Markets 529 16 Building a Society and Achieving Statehood 530 17 The Spread ofMormonism 532 18 Southwestern Borderlands 532 19 20 Exploiting the Western Landscape 534 21 The Mining Frontier 534 22 Cowboys and the Cattle Frontier 536 23 Cattle Towns and Prostitutes 538 24 Bonanza Farms 538 25 The Oklahoma Land Rush,1889 539 26 BEYONDAMERICA—GLOBALINTERACTIONS Cattle-Raising 27 in the Americas 540 28 The West ofLife and Legend 542 29 The American Adam and the Dime-Novel Hero 542 30 Revitalizing the Frontier Legend 543 31 Beginning a National Parks Movement 544 32 Conclusion 545 33 34 18 35 36 THE RISE OF The Rise ofCorporate America 547 37 INDUSTRIAL AMERICA, The Character ofIndustrial Change 547 38 1865–1900 Railroad Innovations 548 39 547 CHRONOLOGY, 1865–1900 549 40 Consolidating the Railroad Industry 549 41 Applying the Lessons ofthe Railroads to Steel 552 42 The Trust:Creating New Forms ofCorporate 43 Organization 554 44 Stimulating Economic Growth 555 45 TECHNOLOGYANDCULTURE Electricity 556 46 The Triumph ofTechnology 558 47 R Specialized Production 559 48 L Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. 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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 3rd Pass Pages 341967_boyer_ch_FMV2.qxp 11/16/07 11:03 AM Page vii Contents vii Advertising and Marketing 560 1 Economic Growth:Costs and Benefits 560 2 The New South 561 3 Obstacles to Economic Development 561 4 The New South Creed and Southern Industrialization 562 5 The Southern Mill Economy 563 6 The Southern Industrial Lag 565 7 8 Factories and the Work Force 566 9 From Workshop to Factory 566 10 The Hardships ofIndustrial Labor 566 11 Immigrant Labor 567 12 Women and Work in Industrial America 569 13 Hard Work and the Gospel ofSuccess 570 14 Labor Unions and Industrial Conflict 572 15 Organizing Workers 572 16 Strikes and Labor Violence 576 17 Social Thinkers Probe for Alternatives 578 18 Conclusion 580 19 20 19 21 IMMIGRATION, The New American City 581 22 URBANIZATION, AND CHRONOLOGY, 1860–1900 583 23 24 EVERYDAY LIFE, Migrants and Immigrants 582 25 1860–1900 Adjusting to an Urban Society 586 26 Slums and Ghettos 588 581 27 Fashionable Avenues and Suburbs 588 28 TECHNOLOGYANDCULTURE Flush Toilets and the 29 Invention of the Nineteenth-Century Bathroom 589 30 Middle- and Upper-Class Society and Culture 591 31 Manners and Morals 591 32 The Cult ofDomesticity 592 33 Department Stores 592 34 The Transformation ofHigher Education 593 35 Working-Class Politics and Reform 595 36 Political Bosses and Machine Politics 595 37 Battling Poverty 596 38 New Approaches to Social Reform 597 39 The Moral-Purity Campaign 598 40 The Social Gospel 599 41 The Settlement-House Movement 599 42 Working-Class Leisure in the Immigrant City 600 43 Streets,Saloons,and Boxing Matches 601 44 The Rise ofProfessional Sports 602 45 Vaudeville,Amusement Parks,and Dance Halls 604 46 Ragtime 605 R 47 L 48 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. 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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 3rd Pass Pages 341967_boyer_ch_FMV2.qxp 11/16/07 11:03 AM Page viii viii Contents 1 Cultures in Conflict 606 2 The Genteel Tradition and Its Critics 606 3 Modernism in Architecture and Painting 608 4 From Victorian Lady to New Woman 609 5 Public Education as an Arena ofClass Conflict 611 6 Conclusion 613 7 8 20 9 10 POLITICS AND Party Politics in an Era ofUpheaval,1877–1884 615 11 EXPANSION IN AN Contested Political Visions 615 12 INDUSTRIALIZING AGE, CHRONOLOGY, 1877–1900 617 13 1877–1900 Patterns ofParty Strength 618 14 615 Regulating the Money Supply 619 15 Civil Service Reform 620 16 Politics ofPrivilege,Politics ofExclusion,1884–1892 621 17 A Democrat in the White House:Grover Cleveland, 18 1885–1889 622 19 Big Business Strikes Back;Benjamin Harrison,1889–1893 623 20 Agrarian Protest and the Rise ofthe People’s Party 624 21 African-Americans After Reconstruction 627 22 The 1890s:Politics in a Depression Decade 631 23 1892:Populists Challenge the Status Quo 631 24 Capitalism in Crisis:The Depression of1893–1897 632 25 Business Leaders Respond 633 26 1894:Protest Grows Louder 634 27 Silver Advocates Capture the Democratic Party 635 28 1896:Republicans Triumphant 636 29 Expansionist Stirrings and War with Spain,1878–1901 638 30 Roots ofExpansionist Sentiment 638 31 Pacific Expansion 640 32 Crisis over Cuba 641 33 The Spanish-American War,1898 642 34 Critics ofEmpire 643 35 Guerrilla War in the Philippines,1898–1902 644 36 Conclusion 646 37 38 21 39 40 THE PROGRESSIVE Progressives and Their Ideas 648 41 ERA, 1900–1917 The Many Faces ofProgressivism 648 42 648 CHRONOLOGY, 1900–1917 649 43 Intellectuals Offer New Social Views 651 44 BEYONDAMERICA—GLOBALINTERACTIONS Progressive 45 Reformers Worldwide Share Ideas and Strategies 652 46 Novelists,Journalists,and Artists Spotlight Social 47 R Problems 655 48 L Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. 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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 3rd Pass Pages 341967_boyer_ch_FMV2.qxp 11/16/07 11:03 AM Page ix Contents ix State and Local Progressivism 656 1 Reforming the Political Process 656 2 Regulating Business,Protecting Workers 657 3 Making Cities More Livable 659 4 Progressivism and Social Control 661 5 Moral Control in the Cities 661 6 Battling Alcohol and Drugs 662 7 Immigration Restriction and Eugenics 663 8 Racism and Progressivism 665 9 10 Blacks,Women,and Workers Organize 667 11 African-American Leaders Organize Against Racism 667 12 Revival ofthe Woman-Suffrage Movement 667 13 Enlarging “Woman’s Sphere” 669 14 Workers Organize;Socialism Advances 671 15 National Progressivism,Phase I:Roosevelt and Taft, 16 1901–1913 672 17 Roosevelt’s Path to the White House 672 18 Labor Disputes,Trustbusting,Railroad Regulation 673 19 Consumer Protection 674 20 Environmentalism Progressive-Style 674 21 Taft in the White House,1909–1913 676 22 The Four-Way Election of1912 677 23 National Progressivism,Phase II:Woodrow Wilson, 24 1913–1917 679 25 Tariffand Banking Reform 679 26 Regulating Business;Aiding Workers and Farmers 680 27 Progressivism and the Constitution 681 28 1916:Wilson Edges Out Hughes 681 29 Conclusion 682 30 31 22 32 GLOBAL Defining America’s World Role,1902–1914 683 33 34 INVOLVEMENTS AND The “Open Door”:Competing for the China Market 683 35 WORLD WAR I, CHRONOLOGY, 1902–1920 685 36 1902–1920 The Panama Canal:Hardball Diplomacy 686 37 Roosevelt and Taft Assert U.S.Power in Latin America 683 38 and Asia 687 39 Wilson and Latin America 689 40 War in Europe,1914–1917 691 41 The Coming ofWar 691 42 The Perils ofNeutrality 691 43 The United States Enters the War 694 44 Mobilizing at Home,Fighting in France,1917–1918 695 45 Raising,Training,and Testing an Army 695 46 Organizing the Economy for War 696 R 47 With the American Expeditionary Force in France 698 L 48 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. 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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 3rd Pass Pages 341967_boyer_ch_FMV2.qxp 11/16/07 11:03 AM Page x x Contents 1 Turning the Tide 699 2 Promoting the War and Suppressing Dissent 701 3 Advertising the War 701 4 Wartime Intolerance and Dissent 703 5 Suppressing Dissent by Law 705 6 Economic and Social Trends in Wartime America 706 7 Boom Times in Industry and Agriculture 706 8 Blacks Migrate Northward 706 9 Women in Wartime 707 10 Public Health Crisis:The 1918 Influenza Pandemic 708 11 The War and Progressivism 708 12 Joyous Armistice,Bitter Aftermath,1918–1920 710 13 Wilson’s Fourteen Points;The Armistice 710 14 The Versailles Peace Conference,1919 711 15 The Fight over the League ofNations 712 16 Racism and Red Scare,1919–1920 714 17 The Election of1920 715 18 Conclusion 716 19 20 23 21 22 THE 1920S: COPING A New Economic Order 718 23 WITH CHANGE, Booming Business,Ailing Agriculture 718 24 1920–1929 CHRONOLOGY, 1920–1929 719 25 718 New Modes ofProducing,Managing,and Selling 720 26 Women in the New Economic Era 722 27 Struggling Labor Unions in a Business Age 723 28 The Harding and Coolidge Administrations 724 29 Standpat Politics in a Decade ofChange 724 30 Republican Policy Making in a Probusiness Era 725 31 Independent Internationalism 726 32 Progressive Stirrings,Democratic Party Divisions 727 33 Women and Politics in the 1920s:A Dream Deferred 727 34 Mass Society,Mass Culture 728 35 Cities,Cars,Consumer Goods 728 36 Soaring Energy Consumption and a Threatened 37 Environment 730 38 Mass-Produced Entertainment 731 39 Celebrity Culture 733 40 41 Cultural Ferment and Creativity 734 42 The Jazz Age and the Postwar Crisis ofValues 734 43 Alienated Writers 735 44 Architects,Painters,and Musicians Confront Modern 45 America 736 46 The Harlem Renaissance 737 47 R A Society in Conflict 739 48 L Immigration Restriction 739 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. 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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 3rd Pass Pages 341967_boyer_ch_FMV2.qxp 11/16/07 11:03 AM Page xi Contents xi Needed Workers/Unwelcome Aliens:Hispanic 1 Newcomers 739 2 Nativism,Antiradicalism,and the Sacco-Vanzetti Case 740 3 Fundamentalism and the Scopes Trial 741 4 The Ku Klux Klan 742 5 The Garvey Movement 743 6 Prohibition:Cultures in Conflict 744 7 Hoover at the Helm 745 8 The Election of1928 745 9 Herbert Hoover’s Social Thought 747 10 11 Conclusion 748 12 24 13 14 THE GREAT Crash and Depression,1929–1932 749 15 DEPRESSION AND THE Black Thursday and the Onset ofthe Depression 749 16 NEW DEAL, Hoover’s Response 750 17 1929–1939 CHRONOLOGY, 1929–1939 751 18 Mounting Discontent and Protest 752 19 749 The Election of1932 754 20 The New Deal Takes Shape,1933–1935 755 21 Roosevelt and His Circle 755 22 The Hundred Days 756 23 Problems and Controversies Plague the Early New Deal 759 24 1934–1935:Challenges from Right and Left 760 25 26 The New Deal Changes Course,1935–1936 762 27 Expanding Federal Relief 762 28 Aiding Migrants,Supporting Unions,Regulating Business, 29 Taxing the Wealthy 763 30 The Social Security Act of1935;End ofthe Second 31 New Deal 764 32 The 1936 Roosevelt Landslide and the New Democratic 33 Coalition 765 34 The Environment and the West 766 35 The New Deal’s End Stage,1937–1939 768 36 FDR and the Supreme Court 769 37 The Roosevelt Recession 769 38 Final Measures;Growing Opposition 769 39 Social Change and Social Action in the 1930s 771 40 The Depression’s Psychological and Social Impact 771 41 Industrial Workers Unionize 773 42 Black and Hispanic Americans Resist Racism and 43 Exploitation 776 44 A New Deal for Native Americans 778 45 The American Cultural Scene in the 1930s 779 46 Avenues ofEscape:Radio and the Movies 779 R 47 The Later 1930s:Opposing Fascism;Reaffirming Traditional L 48 Values 780 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. 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