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THE ENDURING NAVAHO BY LAURA «*. '•GILPIN V 4^ ><; 1 Digitized by the Internet Archive 2011 in http://www.archive.org/details/enduringnavahoOOgilp THE ENDURING NAVAHO !•* «*-»> 0£ * -I.- THE ENDURING NAVAHO BY LAURA GILPIN *h %t * . * l¥. m IH ^ife ^ >•* *. fc N V* **M* 'VT i 3«=?> rsUNIVERSITY 5„-*AUS ft •* • feSHfc* « THIS BOOK IS PUBLISHED WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF THE Dan Danciger Publication Fund International Standard Book Number 0-292-78378-7 0-292-72058-0 (pbk.) Library ofCongress Catalog Card Number 68-55748 Copyright ©1968 by Laura Gilpin All rights reserved Sixth Printing, 1986 First Paperback Printing, 1986 DEDICATED TO ELIZABETH WARHAM FORSTER, R.N. Dear Betsy: This is as much your book as mine. Not only have you there you were in the midst of the gathering, happily play- shared completely in the making of it, but also you have ing cards with your visitors! Your ensuing tale of how the taught me to understand the Navaho People. Our associa- Navaho had arrived, two or three at a time, seemingly tion with the Navaho goes back to a vacation trip in the from nowhere, to find out what the trouble was and to fall of 1930 when we were misdirected (by a white man) offer help, both surprised and interested me. on the road from Kayenta to Chinle, Arizona, on the I recall my concern of a year later, when you told me western side of the reservation, and got ourselves wonder- you were accepting a position as field nurse to the Navaho, fully lost, ending with an empty gasoline tank. How we sponsored by a private organization. I wondered where laugh now over that experience. Yet how important it and how you would live, what your work would consist was, for it led you to a position as field nurse to the Navaho of, whom you would have to help you. Later when I came the following year. to visit, I found you in snug though primitive quarters. As I can see us now, sitting in the old Buick wondering I listened to tales of your experiences, I, too, became inter- what we should do. I, for some reason, thought I had to do ested in these people, impressed by their rugged char- something immediately. We were in the middle of a vast acter and their mode of life. From time to time my visits semidesert; visibility in every direction was fifty miles or revealed the work you were doing, your understanding, more, but we saw nothing, not a distant hogan, nor a your patience, your kindness, and your generosity, for horse, nor a flock of sheep—just empty land. Leaving you you literally gave of your substance as well as your knowl- to guard the car (from what I don't quite know!), I set edge and nursing skill. I saw the response of the Navaho forth on foot, with hope that another traveler might come People to your attitude toward them, your willingness along who would give you gasoline. How well I remember to go anywhere at any time when a call came for help. my thoughts as I trudged along, recalling every vivid tale I know, too, the lives you saved and the succor vou I had ever heard of a similar experience. How mortified I gave. was at having lost my way. I remember meeting a Navaho When the depression came and there were no more man and a little boy in a wagon, coming out of a wash. funds for the continuation of your work, you had to leave. I tried to talk to them but they spoke no English. I pointed I helped you pack and move. I can relive that final morn- in the direction of Chinle, indicating that I would pay ing when six of your best friends arrived, watching our them to take me there, but the man shook his head; then, every act, then suddenly, solemnly, and without warning, reaching for something under a canvas in the wagon bed, stood, bowed their heads, and wept in unison. he handed me three cool, delicious peaches. Finally, During the past eighteen years, together we have after an emotionally stimulated walk of two and one half hunted for old friends after a lapse of nearly thirty years, hours, I reached Frazier's trading post. The trader was finding many, making many new ones, and exploring away, but his understanding wife took me and the needed nearly the whole of the reservation. I have watched old gasoline back to you and the car, a distance of more than friends turn to you for medical aid the moment they saw ten miles. I remember imagining how worried you must your face. What fun we have had evolving this book. have been over my long absence. Never will I forget top- Your help when I was after difficult pictures, your sound ping a gentle rise in the undulating desert and seeing the criticism, and your encouragement, finally, have brought lonely car completely surrounded by Navaho Indians, like the book to completion. As a tribute to our long and a swarm of bees about a honeysuckle. When we arrived, happy friendship, this is your book. PREFACE Within the boundaries oftheir25,000-square- change. There is no pretense here of a scientific or an mile reservation, more than 100,000 Navaho People, ethnologic approach, but all factual statements have the largest tribe of Indians in North America, are been checked with some of our leading scientists and, striving for existence on a land not productive enough finally, with the Navaho People themselves. to sustain their increasing population. They are striv- There are many books about the Navaho, books ing not only to exist, but also to meet an encroaching by anthropologists, physicians, psychologists, and way of life with which they are, in a large measure, experienced laymen. Many of the authors have far unfamiliar. It is within the last thirty years that the greaterknowledge of the Navaho than I. My endeavor Navaho have been faced with this growing necessity has been to create a visual image of these people, for change, a change so great for them, that we can together with an explanatory text. As pictures and scarcely comprehend it. Their traditional mode of ideas accumulated, they fell into four categories; living—simple, carefree, undisturbed by the great therefore, it seemed quite in keeping with Navaho pressures of our complex civilization—is being changed tradition to divide this book into four parts. First, "The through their adaptation to an utterly alien existence. Navaho World," with its geographic conception and In past years nature provided sufficient pasture mythology; second, "The Way of the People," depict- for the Navaho flocks and sufficient arable land for ing their mode of life and their activities; third, "The their simple farming, while the trading posts offered Coming Way," denoting the present transition from a market for their products. Today the Navaho find the old ways to the new; and fourth, "The Enduring themselves with a population more than three times Way," the way of Navaho belief, which binds the greater than their land can support. Thirty years ago People together through their traditional ceremo- they felt the white man far away, save for those few nialism. with whom they traded, buttodaythey are surrounded Some of these pictures were made more than by a constantly growing white population. Navaho- thirty years ago, most of them between 1950 and 1965 land is no longer the faraway wild country of the when the photographic work was completed. I am Southwest. This encroaching pressure is sharply felt, well aware of many gaps, but it is my hope that these and the Navaho are rising to meet it. Thirty years pages will stir an understanding of this energetic ago many were reluctant to go to the reservation tribe, and awaken an interest in its imaginative and schools; they were shy and diffident about learning poetic background. the ways of our people. Today, they are clamoring for I have been fortunate indeed in the friends I have education, for there are many more children who made and the co-operation I have received from in- want to go to school than there are schools or teachers terested Navaho People. This, therefore, is an interpre- to fill this demand. tation of a wonderful people just as I have found It has been my privilege to observe some of the them, a people having great pride, dignity, and ability old life and much of the transition to the new. It has who deserve our sincere respect. been intensely interesting, often heartbreaking, some- times amusing, and in general has filled me with Laura Gilpin admiration for these people. Photography is essentially the medium for recording and interpreting such Santa Fe, New Mexico vii