The End of Satisfaction The End of Satisfaction Drama and Repentance in the Age of Shakespeare Heather Hirschfeld Cornell University Press Ithaca and London Copyright © 2014 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2014 by Cornell University Press Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Hirschfeld, Heather Anne, 1968–, author. The end of satisfaction : drama and repentance in the age of Shakespeare / Heather Hirschfeld. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 8014- 5274- 1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Shakespeare, William, 1564– 1616—Criticism and interpretation. 2. En glish drama— Early modern and Elizabethan, 1500– 1600—History and criticism. 3. Repentance in literature. 4. Desire in literature. I. Title. PR658.R44H57 2014 822'.309353—dc23 2013038570 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable- based, low- VOC inks and acid- free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine- free, or partly composed of nonwood fi bers. For further information, visit our website at www .cornellpress .cornell .edu. Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Anthony Dayenu! Contents Ac know ledg ments ix Introduction: Where’s Satisfaction? 1 1. “Adew, to al Popish satisfactions”: Reforming Repentance in Early Modern En gland 16 2. The Satisfactions of Hell: Doctor Faustus and the Descensus Tradition 39 3. Setting Things Right: The Satisfactions of Revenge 65 4. As Good as a Feast?: Playing (with) Enough on the Elizabethan Stage 94 viii Contents 5. “Wooing, wedding, and repenting”: The Satisfactions of Marriage in Othello and Love’s Pilgrimage 119 Postscript: Where’s the Stage at the End of Satisfaction? 147 Notes 153 Bibliography 205 Index 233 Ac know ledg ments A book on satisfaction opens itself up to many puns and allusions, often starting with the Rolling Stones. I try to avoid them h ere. Instead, I enjoy the opportunity to turn from a vocabulary of repentance, compensation, and atonement to the related, but distinct, language of gratitude and thanks. This project would not have been possible without the fi nancial and ad- ministrative support of scholarly institutions. I am grateful to have held a short- term fellowship at the Folger Shakespeare Library and to have received from the National Endowment for the Humanities a summer stipend as well as a year-l ong fellowship. All three w ere essential to the completion of this book. I have also been the benefi ciary of various sources of support at the University of Tennessee: the Department of Eng lish, the Offi ce of Re- search, the College of Arts and Sciences, the Humanities Center, and the Marco Institute for Medieval and Re nais sance Studies. Friends and colleagues have listened to me opine about satisfaction more than I had a right to expect. At UT, this includes Donna Bodenheimer, Katy Chiles, Dawn Coleman, Margaret Lazarus Dean, Mary Dzon, Rachel Golden,