The Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine (Facts on File Library of Health and Living)

337 Pages·2004·1.71 MB·English

by  Elizabeth Oakes

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
SPORTS MEDICINE
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
SPORTS MEDICINE
Elizabeth Oakes
Foreword by
Connie Lebrun, M.D., MDCM, MPE, CCFP, Dip. Sport Med.,
Director of Primary Care Sport Medicine,
Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic,
London, Ontario, Canada
The Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine
Copyright © 2005 by Elizabeth Oakes
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Oakes, Elizabeth H., 1964–
The encyclopedia of sports medicine / Elizabeth Oakes.
p.; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-5334-0 (hc: alk. paper)
1. Sports medicine—Encyclopedias.
[DNLM: 1. Sports Medicine—Encyclopedias—English. QT 13 O11e 2004]
I. Title.
RC1206.O355 2004
617.1’027’03—dc22
2003024720
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Text and cover design by Cathy Rincon
Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments vii
Introduction ix
Entries A–Z 1
Appendixes 227
Bibliography 289
Index 293
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
am particularly grateful to Connie Lebrun for front, my heartfelt thanks as always to my littlest
Iher expert and thorough guidance in the writing readers, Colter and Ella. Finally, for giving me
of this book. I would also like to thank my editor, horses and ballet lessons and inspiring in me a love
James Chambers, and his assistant, Vanessa Nittoli, of what the body can do, I thank my parents, Bob
for their unfailing and always good-natured sup- Oakes and Jeraldine Kellison.
port. For patience and perseverance on the home
vii
INTRODUCTION
ith the exponential increase in participation ents, particularly on the younger athletes, are quite
Win sports and recreational activity over the significant and can have profound and long-lasting
past few decades has come the concomitant need psychological effects. At the other end of the spec-
for specialized knowledge in sports medicine, not trum, older adults are looking more toward recre-
only for diagnosis and treatment of common ation and exercise to fill their increased leisure
injuries and conditions, but, more important, for time—to help manage chronic medical conditions
prevention. Stores selling running shoes and other and to help stave off the untoward effects of aging.
athletic equipment are rife with do-it-yourself They are usually also contending with a host of
books, magazines, etc., and almost any topic can underlying disease processes that may impact their
easily be “researched” on the Internet. The diffi- ability to exercise successfully and to gain cardio-
culty arises in sifting through the mass of informa- vascular, respiratory, and muscular fitness. Then
tion available through all these sources. How to again, it is not uncommon to encounter older
verify the accuracy of information, how and when “master’s” athletes, who vehemently wish to con-
to access which type of sports medicine practi- tinue with vigorous training and competition,
tioner, when to just “push through the pain,” and despite multiple injuries, and even following hip-
when to back off from the offending activity to or knee-replacement surgery!
allow an injury time to heal—these are just some of Sport specificity is another important character-
the challenges facing the would-be athlete, as well istic of this emerging body of medical knowledge
as scores of active men and women of all ages related to sports. Some sports are inherently more
already enjoying the health benefits of exercise. risky for the participants, irrespective of age or
Many of the medical and orthopedic considera- physical fitness. The wave of new “endurance”
tions in the field of sports medicine have gender sports and extreme or combination sports, for
and/or age-specific epidemiological features. example, has done nothing to decrease the occur-
Female athletes have unique anatomy and, with rence of injuries. In the workplace, “repetitive
their changing physiology throughout the repro- strain”–type injuries are commonplace, but fortu-
ductive lifespan, may face special challenges not nately many of these problems of the “industrial
encountered by their male counterparts. Similarly, athlete” can be managed using good sports medi-
children and adolescents who partake in sporting cine principles, such as accurate diagnosis and ade-
activities are not “little adults” and frequently have quate rehabilitation. Similarly, musicians and
different patterns of injuries. In order to achieve performing artists have a variety of musculoskele-
competitive excellence, intensive training practices tal concerns that are frequently analogous in etiol-
often begin at an early age, thereby increasing the ogy and pathophysiology to those found in more
risks of over-training and overuse injuries. In addi- traditional athletes. For all of these special popula-
tion, the external pressures from coaches and par- tions, an understanding of the exact demands of
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