The Encyclopedia of Sleep and Sleep Disorders

369 Pages·2010·1.45 MB·English

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
SLEEP AND
SLEEP DISORDERS
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THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
SLEEP AND
SLEEP DISORDERS
Third Edition
Charles P. Pollak, M.D.
Michael J. Thorpy, M.D.
Jan Yager, Ph.D.
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The Encyclopedia of Sleep and Sleep Disorders, Third Edition
Copyright © 2010 by Charles P. Pollak, M.D.; Michael J. Thorpy, M.D.; and Jan Yager
Copyright © 2001, 1991 by Michael J. Thorpy, M.D., and Jan Yager
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
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New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pollak, Charles.
The encyclopedia of sleep and sleep disorders / Charles Pollak, Michael J. Thorpy and Jan Yager.
—3rd ed., updated and rev.
p. cm.
Thorpy’s name appears first on the earlier edition.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6833-3 (acid-free paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8160-6833-X (acid-free paper)
ISBN: 978-1-4381-2577-0 (e-book) 1. Sleep disorders—Encyclopedias.
2. Sleep—Encyclopedias. I. Thorpy, Michael J. II. Yager, Jan, 1948– III. Thorpy, Michael J.
Encyclopedia of sleep and sleep disorders. IV. Title.
RC547.Y34 2008
616.8'498003—dc22 2007030682
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses,
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Text and cover design by Cathy Rincon
Composition by Hermitage Publishing Services
Cover printed by Art Print, Taylor, Pa.
Book printed and bound by Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group, York, Pa.
Date printed: November, 2009
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent postconsumer recycled content.
CONTENTS
Preface to the Third Edition vii
Preface to the Second Edition ix
Preface to the First Edition xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Important Note and Disclaimer xv
History of Sleep and Man, by
Michael J. Thorpy, M.D. xvii
The Sociology of Sleep, by
Jan Yager, Ph.D. xxxix
Psychology and Sleep: The Interdependence
of Sleep and Waking States, by
Arthur J. Spielman, Ph.D.;
Paul D’Ambrosio, Ph.D.; and
Paul B. Glovinsky, Ph.D. xlix
Entries A to Z 1
Appendix I: Sources of Information 264
Appendix II: Research Organizations 266
Appendix III: Selected Sleep Centers 269
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Bibliography 271
Sociology of Sleep Bibliography 283
Index 285
About the Authors 309
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
Since the second edition of The Encyclopedia of These social scientists are taking a fresh look at
Sleep and Sleep Disorders was published in 2001, sleep and are asking questions such as: What is the
sleep has emerged as a major growth industry. It sociological signifi cance of where and when we
has also become a topic of keen interest among sleep? How do sleep patterns change over the life
researchers around the world and in a variety of cycle? What do our attitudes toward sleep or sleep-
disciplines including sociology, sleep medicine, related disorders say about today’s society? What
psychiatry, and psychology. From an activity do the current architectural trends in the relative
that previously received little attention com- sizes of bedrooms suggest about family roles in
pared to other health topics, sleep has become modern culture?
an issue that is discussed frequently on TV and Included in this third edition are essays from
in magazines, newspapers, and online publica- the previous editions, “History of Sleep and Man,”
tions. Fueling the concern that the public and by Michael J. Thorpy, M.D.; and “Psychology and
the health community have a better understand- Sleep: The Interdependence of Sleep and Wak-
ing of sleep is the growing awareness that some ing States,” by Arthur J. Speilman, Ph.D.; Paul
sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, are linked to D’Ambrosio, Ph.D.; and Paul B. Glovinsky, Ph.D.
an increased likelihood of stroke, hypertension, Charles P. Pollak, M.D., coauthored this preface
or heart failure and that too little sleep can lead with Jan Yager, reviewed the A–Z section, recom-
to mistakes or accidents at work, mood swings, mended the editing of certain entries that had
greater chance of obesity, and drowsy driving, been found to be less effective than previously
which is associated with traffi c accidents, injuries, thought, expanded others, and coauthored new
and fatalities. According to the National Institutes entries with Jan Yager.
of Health (NIH), sleep disorders cost consumers The list of sleep centers and clinics throughout
$15 billion in health care expenses and $50 bil- the United States included in this third edition is
lion in lost productivity. much shorter than in previous editions. This is
New to the third edition of this encyclopedia in recognition of the increased importance of the
are longer entries on sleep, sleep disorders, aging Internet in providing up-to-date information, espe-
and sleep, drugs and sleep, and treatment of sleep cially since changes occur with rapid speed. The
disorders. These are arranged alphabetically in American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM),
the A–Z section. Also new to this third edition is which accredits sleep centers and laboratories,
an original essay, on The Sociology of Sleep, by offers updated listings free of charge through its
coauthor and sociologist Jan Yager, Ph.D. Her essay site: www.sleepcenters.org. The National Sleep
brings a multidimensional perspective to the topic Foundation also offers a list of sleep centers
as she discusses recent groundbreaking studies by through its Web site: www.sleepfoundation.org.
sociologists both in the United States and abroad. The reference sections in the back of the book
vii
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viii The Encyclopedia of Sleep and Sleep Disorders
have also been updated: sources of information, Encyclopedia of Sleep and Sleep Disorders is being
resource organizations, and the bibliography. published nearly two decades after the fi rst edi-
When the fi rst edition of this encyclopedia was tion found its way onto the shelves of public and
published in 1991 it became part of Facts On File’s medical school libraries and bookstores, as well as
Library of Health and Living series. That series has into personal or professional reference book col-
continued to grow and now includes more than lections throughout the United States, and, more
55 titles on a wide range of health issues from recently, electronically, through Facts On File’s
Alzheimer’s to diabetes, heart disease to cancer. online database.
We are pleased that there has been a continued —Charles P. Pollak, M.D.
interest in this book so that a third edition of The —Jan Yager, Ph.D.
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Preface to the Second edition
Since the first edition of The Encyclopedia of Sleep treat obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and other
and Sleep Disorders was published in 1991, there disorders that produce tiredness and fatigue, such
has been a great expansion in the national aware- as multiple sclerosis.
ness of sleep disorders and an increase in services Along with the increased availability of sleep
for patients. Terms such as narcolepsy, insomnia, sleep specialists, sleep disorders centers, and current
apnea, and excessive daytime sleepiness are commonly treatments for sleep disorders, there has been
used and understood by a greater percentage of the growth in public knowledge of sleep disorders, in
population than before. Laypersons have become part through the efforts of such national organi-
more aware that there is help available if they suf- zations as the National Sleep Foundation (NSF).
fer from a sleep disorder. This increased awareness The NSF has helped to propagate information on
is a positive development. Better understanding innovative advances in sleep medicine as well as
of the symptoms and features of a sleep disorder helping corporate America understand the impli-
leads to more rapid recognition and treatment of cations of sleep disorders and sleepiness in the
the disorder. workplace.
The Encyclopedia of Sleep and Sleep Disorders has Appendix II, the American Academy of Sleep
been updated to reflect the current science and Medicine (AASM)—Member Sleep Centers and
understanding of sleep disorders and includes Laboratories, is an updated list. (Further updates
the addition of numerous entries that reflect new are available at the AASM’s Web site: http://www.
terms, drugs, and procedures introduced in the aasmnet.org.) Sources that provide further infor-
last decade. Recent advances in the understanding mation about sleep disorders have been updated
of the pathophysiology of sleep and wakefulness, with Web site addresses, if available. The entries
including the recognition of a neurochemical sys- and bibliography have also been updated with new
tem involved in the control of sleep and wakeful- popular and scholarly books and articles that have
ness, the orexin system, are covered in this second been published since the first edition.
edition. Revised entries reflect the advances in In the A–Z section, words or terms in small
our understanding and treatment of disorders capital letters within an entry indicate that there
such as sleep apnea, insomnia, and narcolepsy. is a separate entry for that term, concept, or dis-
Modafinil, recently approved in the United States, order. For further information, you are directed to
is a major breakthrough medication for the treat- that separate entry, arranged alphabetically.
ment of disorders of tiredness, fatigue, sleepiness, —Michael J. Thorpy, M.D.
and narcolepsy. This medication is being used to —Jan Yager, Ph.D.
ix
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