The Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychoanalysis PDF
Preview The Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychoanalysis
if The Encyclopedia PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, -AND- PSYCHOANALYSIS Editors Benjamin B. Wolman, Ph.D. Editor in Chiif' Jean E. Wolman Managing Editor CONSULTING EDITORS J. Leah Dickstein, M.D. P~chiatry Gregory A. Kimble, Ph.D. Joseph M. Notterman, Ph.D. Experimental, Physiological, and Comparative P~cholo8Y George Stricker, Ph.D. Social, Developmental, and Clinical P~cholo8Y Samuel Ritvo, M.D. Albert J. Solnit, M.D. P~choanalysis and Related Systems EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Paul David Boyer Debra Duchin oj The Encyclopedia PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, · AND · PSYCHOANALYSIS .. .. .. Benjamin B. Wolman EDITOR IN CHIEF Palgrave Macmillan A Henry Holt Reference Book Henry Holt and Company, Inc. Publishers since 1866 115 West 18th Street New York, New York 10011 Henry Holt ® is a registered trademark of Henry Holt and Company, Inc. Copyright © 1996 by Aesculapius Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1996 Published in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Ltd., 91 Granton Drive, Richmond Hill, Ontario L4B 2N5. ISBN 978-1-349-14464-8 ISBN 978-1-349-14462-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14462-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Encyclopedia of psychiatry, psychology, and psychoanalysis/ Benjamin B. Wolman.-1st ed. p. cm.-(A Henry Holt reference book) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Psychiatry-Encyclopedias. 2. Psychology-Encyclopedias. 3. Psychoanalysis-Encyclopedias. 4. Clinical psychology-Encyclopedias. I. Wolman, Benjamin B. II. Series. RC437.E49 1996 616.89'003-dc20 95-41116 CIP ISBN 978-0-8050-2234-6 Henry Holt books are available for special promotions and premiums. For details contact: Director, Special Markets. First Edition-1996 Designed by Victoria Hartman 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Contents FOREWORD TO THE 1977 EDITION BY JEAN PIAGET IX PREFACE XI AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIII AUTHORS XV ENTRIES 1 Foreword to the 1977 Edition BY JEAN PIAGET W hen I was young (quite a while entirety of works inspired by Skinner's work or on ago), the great psychologists who the multiple aspects of psycholinguistics, and so on, dominated the scene, such as I think that my examiners would judge me very Thorndike, Spearman, Kohler, severely and I would not receive a passing mark. Binet, Claparede, and many others, could have still Even in the field of perception, which I studied for flattered themselves that they knew all the fields of years (see my work Les Micanismes Percepti/s), I am psychology. One could speak with them about per no longer completely up to date on the numerous ception, intelligence, learning, interests, or affects, recent works. Nevertheless, I continue to work and and so on. They were up to date on the main works, write every day. But to read all that appears is a and they read all the essentials pertaining to these totally different matter! I recall a visit that I made areas besides. They possessed a reciprocal general around 1954 to a renowned Scandinavian colleague knowledge in neurology and psychiatry. The great because I was told about similarities between our specialists in neurology and psychiatry knew psy respective works. He accepted me very kindly, and chology. The only disquieting barrier that one could afterward he made several visits to Geneva at the observe was the one that separated psychoanalysts times of our annual Symposia. His first words were from experimental psychologists in the sense that the following: "You have certainly never read any the first harbored some misapprehension for "acade thing of mine, and never will. As far as I am con mic psychology," while the reverse was less true, for cerned, I have not read anything of yours, and this few psychologists readily understood the general will not change. We should find devoted young col basis of psychoanalysis (such as the importance of laborators who would inform each of us of the the unconscious and its roots in infancy, repression, works of the other! " etc.). In regard to neurological and psychiatric knowl At that distant time, an encyclopedia that encom edge of psychologists and psychological knowledge passed the different aspects of the human mind, like of neurologists and psychiatrists, they are more and the present one that I have the honor to preface more incomplete because of the growing complexity today, would have been a rather small volume and of these different fields and scarcity of truly interdis would not have been of great significance, since ciplinary works. As a matter of fact, true interdisci every scholar could have acquired general knowl plinarity requires "multicompetence" from each one edge of whatever was of importance. of the participants and not only competence in his However, at the present time (that is, sixty years own domain. after the period I have just described), the situation It is therefore evident that in the presence of this is totally different. Even in regard to psychology, I alarming situation, Dr. Benjamin B. Wolman has think that no psychologist has a complete mastery of rendered a very great service to our different disci all areas in the science. For my part, I believe that I plines by conceiving the ambitious but infinitely use know the principal tendencies of contemporary psy ful project of the International Encyclopedia 0/ chology, but if I had to pass an examination on the Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychoanalysis. This col- ix Foreword lective work renders the greatest service by present lems that preoccupy them, they will discover the ing a picture of the totality of our knowledge of multitude and complexity of those they had not even man-his nervous system and the functions of thought about. his mind, his development, and his pathological In concluding this brief preface, allow me to be deviations. By consulting the innumerable articles presumptuous and to speak on behalf of future read devoted to every particular question, not only begin ers in thanking and congratulating Dr. Benjamin B. ners or students, but also qualified experts will learn Wolman, the authors, editors, and other partici much that has been done in this subject. Also, and pants, for rendering us all the greatest of services by this is probably essential, in addition to those prob- providing us with this great work. Jean Piaget Geneva, October, 1976 x Preface T he twelve-volume International Encyclope an indispensable source of information for physi dia 0/ Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanaly cians in private practice, pediatricians, neurologists, sis, and Neurology was published in 1977. guidance workers, social workers, public health offi In 1983 the thirteenth Progress Volume cials, nurses, and other professionals involved in was published. The present one-volume Encyclope mental health and human mind problems. No point dia 0/ Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychoanalysis is an of view, no new idea, no area of research has been outgrowth of two major needs: to update the Ency omitted. clopedia and to make it available to researchers, I was fortunate to secure the efficient cooperation graduate students, and practitioners in the mental of my wife, Jean Evans Wolman, in the task of man health field. aging editor. She organized and supervised the The editors of this new Encyclopedia have entire work. I 'was fortunate also to get the coopera checked every single entry in the thirteen volumes tion of Leah J. Dickstein, M.D., as the consulting and decided which ones should be omitted, which editor of Psychiatry; Gregory A. Kimble, Ph.D., and abridged, and which updated. We have come to Joseph M. Notterman, Ph.D., as consulting editors realize that the thirteen-volume Encyclopedia is too of Experimenta" Physiologica" and Comparative Psy expensive for individual faculty members, clinicians, chology; George Stricker, Ph.D., as consulting editor researchers, and graduate students; thus, we of Socia" Developmenta" and Clinical Psychology; abridged most entries. We have decided that neurol and Albert J. Solnit, M.D., and Samuel Ritvo, M.D., ogy will warrant a separate volume, and there is not as consulting editors of Psychoanalysis and Related urgent reason to include it in this Encyclopedia. Systems. Also, a description of current developments in other I have read and edited every article and checked countries is omitted. Biographical entries were for accuracy and presentation in close cooperation reduced in size, and, to save space, the number of with the consulting editors. references were cut to a minimum. May I express my gratitude to all our authors, The present Encyclopedia offers an authoritative, consultants, coworkers, and assistants, especially complete, and up-to-date description of research, Paul David Boyer and Debra Duchin. theory, and practice in the sciences and professions I am profoundly grateful to Kenneth Wright, edi that deal with the human mind and its ills. The torial director of Henry Holt Publishers, to Robert Encyclopedia is written for the professions of psy Markel, president of Markel Associates, and to Mary chiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis, clinical social Kay Linge, editor of Henry Holt Reference Books, work, and related areas. It is intended to serve as for their unswerving support and guidance. a basic reference book for graduate, doctoral, and postdoctoral programs. The Encyclopedia is Benjamin B. Wolman xi
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