The Encyclopedia of Human Ecology (both Volumes) - ABC-CLIO

776 Pages·2016·14.41 MB·English

by  Miller J.R.

Encyclopedia of
Human Ecology
Encyclopedia of
Human Ecology
Volume 1: A–H
Edited by
Julia R.Miller,Richard M.Lerner,
Lawrence B.Schiamberg,and Pamela M.Anderson
Santa Barbara, California
Denver, Colorado Oxford, England
Copyright © 2003 by Julia R.Miller,Richard M.Lerner,Lawrence B.Schiamberg,and Pamela M.Anderson
All rights reserved.No part ofthis publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or
by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise,except for the inclusion ofbriefquotations in a
review,without prior permission in writing from the publishers.
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia ofhuman ecology / edited by Julia R.Miller,Richard M.Lerner,Lawrence B.Schiamberg,
and Pamela M.Anderson.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-57607-852-3 (hardcover:alk.paper) ISBN 1-57607-853-1 (e-book)
1.Human ecology—Encyclopedias. I.Miller,Julia R.
GF4.E53 2003
04.2’03—dc21
2003004178
07 06 05 04 03 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an e-book.Visit http://www.abc-clio.com for details.
ABC-CLIO,Inc.
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Santa Barbara,California 93116–1911
This book is printed on acid-free paper I.
Manufactured in the United States ofAmerica
Contents
Preface ix
Human Ecology:A View ofthe Issues xi
Encyclopedia of Human Ecology
Volume 1: A–H Bereavement 70
Biodiversity and the Use ofNatural Resources 74
Birth 76
A
Breast Cancer among Latinas 78
Accidents:Environmental Causes and
Breast-Feeding and Lactation 82
Preventions 1
Bronfenbrenner,Urie 84
Acculturation 3
Bubolz,Margaret M. 89
Achievement Motivation 8
Adolescence in a Cultural Context 12
C
Adolescent Identity Formation 16
Cancer:Prevention and Screening 93
Adolescent Mothers 20
Cardiovascular Disease 96
Adolescent Personal Fable 22
Catholic Schooling:The Achievement ofPoor and
Adolescent Pregnancy and Prevention 25
Minority Students 97
Adolescents,Alcohol Use Among 28
Ceci,Stephen J. 99
Adolescents:Real-World Research Techniques 31
Child Abuse 101
Adoption 33
Child and Family Poverty 103
Adulthood,History of 36
Child Care:Issues for Infants and Children 107
African American Families 37
Child Custody 113
Aging and Technology 41
Child Development,Cultural and Community
Air Quality 46
Influences on 116
Art Therapy 51
Children from Immigrant Families 118
Asthma 52
Children ofAlcoholics 121
Attachment 55
Children ofIncarcerated Parents 123
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Children’s Health in Family Policy 125
(ADHD) 59
Cocaine and Crack 126
Cognitive and Language Skills:Early
B
Environmental Influences on Apes 128
Bandura,Albert 65
Cognitive Assessment 131
Behavior Settings 68
v
vi Contents
Colonias,Las 133 Ethics:A Feminist Perspective 243
Community Schools 135 Ethnic and Racial Identity in Adolescence 245
Community Youth Development 138 European Americans 247
Community-Based Organizations 141 Evaluation Research 251
Comprehensive Community Initiatives 144 Evolution 253
Consumer Economics/Consumer Education Expanded Food and Nutrition Education
147 Program (EFNEP) 256
Consumption,Ethical 148 Externalizing Disorders 263
Contemporary Men’s Movement 151 Extracurricular Activity Participation 265
Cooperative Extension System (CES) 153
Creativity and the Arts in Child and Adolescent F
Development 155 Faith-Based Organizations 267
Culture and Human Development 158 Families,Southeast Asian 269
Curiosity 159 Family,Theories of 273
Family Crises 275
D Family Diversity 278
Dating 161 Family Life Cycle 281
Deacon,Ruth E. 163 Family Paradigms 283
DeafFamilies,Hearing Children in 165 Family Resource Management 287
Death:A Family Perspective 167 Family Systems Theory 289
Designed Near Environment 170 Father-Child Relationships following Divorce
Developmental Transitions across the Life 291
Span 173 Financing Homeownership 293
Divorce,Children’s Adjustment to 176 Firebaugh,Francille M. 295
Divorce Mediation 179 Food Product Development 297
Domestic Violence 181 Foodservice Industry:Evolving Personnel
Dress and Human Behavior 183 Practices 299
Dyslexia 185 Foster Care 301
4-H Youth Development 302
E Freud,Anna 306
Early Childhood Assessment 189 Freud,Sigmund 307
Early Childhood Education 192 Friendship across the Life Span 309
Early Intervention and the Individuals with Full-Service Schools 313
Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 196 Functional Clothing Design 315
Ecodevelopmental Theory 198
Education,Professional 201 G
Ego Development 202 Gambling and Gaming 319
Elder Abuse in the Family 204 Gay and Lesbian Studies 323
Empathy 209 Gender and Environment 328
End-of-Life Decision Making 215 Gender and Families 332
Energy:Standards,Codes,and Labels 218 Gender Roles and Society 335
Energy and Home Usage 221 Gesell,Arnold Lucius 338
Energy Efficiency in the Home 225 Grandparents Rearing Grandchildren 339
Environmental Justice 228
Environmental Movement in the United States H
and People ofColor 230 Hall,G.Stanley 347
Environments ofChildren 235 Head Start 348
Epigenetic Principle 238 Healthy Indoor Air 350
Erikson,Erik Homburger 240 Hermeneutics and Human Ecology 353
Erikson’s Theory ofPsychosocial Development High School 355
242 High School,Advising Students in 357
Contents vii
Hispanic Immigrant Experience 360 Leisure Activities among Young People 458
Holistic,Developmental,Systems-Oriented Lifelong Learning 461
Perspective 363 Living Arrangements for Elders 463
Homelessness 365 Low Birth Weight Infants 470
Homeownership as a Tool for Building Family
Capital Assets 369 M
Household Appliances:History and Development Macy,Icie G. 473
371 Management 474
Household Appliances,Shopping for 374 Maternal Deprivation 475
Housing 378 Maternal Education 476
Housing:Cultural Influences on Historical Styles Mead,Margaret 478
380 Memory 479
Housing and Older Adults 384 Menarche 482
Housing Policy 385 Mental Illness 485
Hypertension and Blood Pressure Control 388 Mental Illness in Old Age 489
Mental Retardation 491
Volume 2: I–Y Merchandise Management 494
Methods and Criteria in the Study ofHuman
I Ecology 495
Identity Statuses 393 Moen,Phyllis 498
Identity Styles 395 Mold and Health 500
Individual Development as a System ofCoactions Moral Development 502
398 Morris,Earl 507
Indoor Air Pollution 400 Music 509
Information Technology Impacts on Children,
Youth,and Families 402 N
Intelligence 404 National Association for the Education ofYoung
Intelligence and Parenting 410 Children (NAEYC) 515
Intergenerational Programs in Communities Neuropsychology 516
414 Nursing 518
Intergenerational Relations 418 Nutrition Assessment 523
Internalizing Disorders 422 Nutrition in the Elderly 525
International Society for the Study ofBehavioral
Development 424 O
International Youth Foundation (IYF) 426 Old Age,Social Relationships in 529
Internet Romance 428 Older Adults:Preparation for Future Care 533
Internet Use 429 Osteoporosis 535
Investigative Interviews with Children 432 Outcome-Based Program Evaluation 536
Outdoor Mobility in Old Age 537
J
Juvenile Diabetes 437 P
Juvenile Justice System 439 Paolucci,Beatrice 543
Parent Education Programs for Immigrant
K Families 545
Kittrell,Flemmie P. 443 Parental Development 547
Kohlberg,Lawrence 444 Parent-Child Synchrony 552
Parenting Styles 555
L Participatory Action Research 558
Latino Leadership 449 Peer Group Relations in Childhood and
Lead Poisoning 454 Adolescence 560
Lead-Safe Environment 456 Philosophy ofHuman Ecology 563
viii Contents
Phobias in Childhood 566 Social Justice and Human Science Programs 653
Place Attachment across the Life Span 568 Social Support 655
Play and Play Partners 572 Spanier,Graham B. 659
Policy Education for Families and Children 573 Stress and Health in Adolescence 663
Political Participation by Young People 575 Suicide 667
Positive Development 579 Suicide in Older Adults 672
Prenatal Decision Making by Adolescents 580 Sustainable Development 673
Prenatal Development and Care 583
Psychological Consequences ofChildhood T
Obesity 586 Teaching Older Adults to Use New Technologies
Pubertal Development 588 677
Public Policy and Early Childhood 590 Temperament 678
Tobacco Prevention and Youth 682
Q Transition from School to Work and Adult Life
Qualitative Research 595 684
Quantitative Research 596 Treatment Adherence 686
Twins 690
R
Racial Identity Development among African U
American Adolescents 599 UNICEF 693
Racism and Its Impact on Health 604
Radon 605 V
Real World Memory 607 Violence in Teen Dating 697
Religion and Sexual Orientation in America 608 Virtual Organizations 699
Remarriage 613 Volunteers and Voluntary Organizations in the
Resiliency 614 United States 700
Rural Environments,Adolescent Well-Being in Vygotsky,Lev 703
618
W
S Watkins,Susan M. 705
Schneirla,T.C. 621 William T.Grant Foundation 708
Search Institute 625 Women,Infants,and Children (WIC),Special
Self,Self-Concept,and Self-Esteem 628 Supplemental Nutrition Program 711
Self-Efficacy 632 Work and Families 712
Sensitive Periods 635 Work-Family Conflict 714
Sex Role Stereotypes 636 Workplace:Psychological Contracts 717
Sexual Abstinence 638
Sexual Abuse 642 Y
Sexual Identity Development 643 Young Adulthood 721
Smoking and Tobacco Use 645 Youth Development 722
Social Capital 648 Youth Mentoring 725
Social Cognitive Theory 650 Youth Sports:An Ecological Perspective 727
Contributor List 731
Index 745
About the Editors 759
Preface
The human ecology field brings together all the and useful to the next generation ofthe leaders of
following:(1) Multiple disciplines involved in the our nation and world? How may we best convey
study of the individual and groups (e.g.biology, the key knowledge necessary for them to under-
nutrition,psychology,sociology,epidemiology,de- stand both the nature of their own development
mography); (2) Multiple disciplines involved in and the ways they may contribute positively to
the study of environments as the settings or con- their own lives,to their families and communities,
texts of individual and group life and of environ- and to the designed and natural environments of
ments as the sources of essential resources (e.g., which they will be stewards throughout their adult
family science, human environment and design, years?
geography, anthropology, environmental science, Textbooks are not a sufficient answer,since they
urban planning, political science, environmental are most often written by representatives ofone,or
health); (3) Multiple professions intended to en- at most a few,ofthe several disciplines involved in
hance individual and family life (e.g., marriage the study of human ecology.They are thus neces-
and family therapy, clinical and counseling psy- sarily limited in perspective.
chology,social work,policy studies,law,food sys- Handbooks are not always the answer either;
tems,dietetics,public health,medicine and other although they may contain chapters by scholars of
health professions,education);(4) Multiple profes- a disciplinary array wider than that found in texts,
sions concerned with preservation, conservation each chapter is often a quite long,highly technical
design, and management of the natural and de- piece that may be ofmost use to other disciplinary
signed environment and its resources (e.g., land specialists.A viable option,and the one we have
use planning,agriculture,soil conservation,water elected to pursue,is an encyclopedia,one with en-
quality,sustainable agricultural systems,environ- tries written by specialists from various human
mental justice, housing and architecture, urban ecological disciplines and professions, and de-
ecosystems, technology transfer, environmental signed to be accessible to young people,as well as
impact assessment,ecological economics);and (5) to the key adult stakeholders in their healthy fu-
Other disciplines and allied professions concerned ture:Parents,teachers,counselors,and leaders of
with human development,human values,sustain- youth-serving organizations.
ability ofthe environment,and sustainable human Such an encyclopedia can represent an impor-
ecosystem interaction for future generations (e.g., tant and timely contribution to the field ofhuman
philosophy, religion, art, literature, population ecology.As a single authoritative source,it can en-
studies). compass a range ofconcepts,topics,and issues in-
The intensity and range of research and inter- volved in the study ofhuman ecology.Our goal has
vention activities included within the field of been to have Encyclopedia ofHuman Ecologycon-
human ecology represent a challenge to scholar- stitute such a contribution and become a seminal
ship.How may all the information about this field resource for many professions. We believe that the
be integrated in a manner accessible,meaningful, Encyclopedia of Human Ecology (EHE) represents
ix
x Preface
much ofthe breadth and depth ofdisciplinary and is successful, it will serve as a vital resource to
professional expertise involved in the contempo- young people as they seek to acquire the informa-
rary study ofhuman ecology.This contribution ex- tion they need to understand and to enhance their
ists because scholars and practitioners represent- world and the lives ofthe people in it.
ing a broad range of disciplines and professional There are numerous colleagues to whom we are
fields in human ecology have written entries for indebted for helping us develop this encyclopedia.
the EHE.In addition,each EHE entry includes a Most important,we are grateful to the authors who
list of representative references, citations that contributed their expertise to the encyclopedia,as
should aid the reader to gain more detailed infor- well as their vision for and passion about enhanc-
mation about the substance ofan entry. ing the lives ofchildren,families,communities,and
Through the substance and features of the the natural and designed ecologies within which we
EHE, we believe the volume will be of value to live.We also greatly appreciate our colleagues at
young people ranging in age from middle school Michigan State University and Tufts University.
through the beginning ofcollege,and to their par- They urged us to undertake this project and gave us
ents,teachers,and program leaders.People in each unflagging support and wise counsel at every stage
ofthese groups may have some knowledge ofpar- ofour work.In addition,we are deeply grateful for
ticular facets of human ecology but nevertheless the professional and enthusiastic assistance
may profit from increasing their acquaintance throughout the development of the encyclopedia
with the breadth of available information. This that was provided by the editorial office at the Ap-
breadth of disciplinary and professional informa- plied Developmental Science Institute,Eliot-Pear-
tion spans theories and methods pertinent to the son Department of Child Development,Tufts Uni-
individual,the family,the community,and the de- versity, which is led by Karyn Lu as managing
signed and natural environment.In addition,soci- editor.We also thank all the editors at ABC-CLIO for
ocultural, human-built, and physical-biological their support,expert guidance,and collegial spirit.
environmental levels of organizations are in- Finally,we thank our families for their unwa-
cluded.In particular,issues of racial,ethnic,gen- vering good spirit. Their love and support nur-
der,age,cultural,life-style,and physical-handicap tured us throughout our work.They are our most
diversity are emphasized throughout the EHE. important developmental assets, and with enor-
Our wish is to capture the vitality and diversity mous gratitude we dedicate this encyclopedia to
of the field.We hope,then,that the EHE,with its them.
multidisciplinary and multiprofessional scope, Julia R.Miller
will do justice to the features of human ecology Richard M.Lerner
that make it so attractive as a field of inquiry,as Lawrence B.Schiamberg
well as so centrally important to society.Ifthe EHE Pamela M.Anderson