The Encyclopedia of Cosmology (In 4 Volumes)

1399 Pages·2018·101.931 MB·English

by  Rennan Barkana, Shinji Tsujikawa, Jihn Kim, Giovanni G. Fazio (editor), Kentaro Nagamine (editor)

The
Encyclopedia
of
Cosmology
Volume 1
Galaxy Formation and Evolution
9496hc_V1_9789814656221_tp.indd 1 1/2/18 9:11 AM
World Scientific Series in Astrophysics
ISSN: 2529-7511
Series Editor: Amiel Sternberg (Tel Aviv University, Israel)
The field of observational and theoretical Astrophysics today spans an astonishing array
of subjects, including extrasolar planets, star formation, interstellar and intergalactic me-
dium, galaxy evolution, neutron stars and black holes, high energy phenomena, cosmology,
and early Universe studies. Astrophysics is intrinsically interdisciplinary, bringing together
knowledge in physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, mathematics, engineering and
instrumentation technology, all for the goal of exploring and understanding the Universe
at large. With the high-resolution and sensitive observations now possible with advanced
telescopes on the ground and in space operating across the entire electromagnetic spectrum
we are now in a golden era of discovery. There is tremendous interest in the results of
world-wide research in Astrophysics across many domains, among scientists, engineers,
and of course the general public.
Published
The Encyclopedia of Cosmology (In 4 Volumes)
edited by Giovanni G Fazio (Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, USA)
Star Formation
by Mark R Krumholz (Australian National University, Australia)
KahFee - 9496 - The Encyclopedia of Cosmology.indd 1 24-01-18 3:55:15 PM
World Scientific Series in Astr physics
The
Encyclopedia
of
Cosmology
Volume 1
Galaxy Formation and Evolution
Rennan Barkana
Tel Aviv University
Editor
Giovanni G Fazio
Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, USA
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI
9496hc_V1_9789814656221_tp.indd 2 1/2/18 9:11 AM
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Fazio, Giovanni G., 1933– editor.
Title: The encyclopedia of cosmology / editor, Giovanni G. Fazio
(Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, USA).
Description: Singapore ; Hackensack, NJ : World Scientific, [2018] |
Series: World Scientific series in astrophysics | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: volume 1: Galaxy formation and evolution / by Rennan Barkana (Tel Aviv University) --
volume 2: Numerical simulations in cosmology / edited by Kentaro Nagamine
(Osaka University / University of Nevada) -- volume 3: Dark energy / by Shinji Tsujikawa
(Tokyo University of Science) -- volume 4: Dark matter / by Jihn Kim (Seoul National University).
Identifiers: LCCN 2017033919| ISBN 9789814656191 (set ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9814656194 (set ; alk. paper) |
ISBN 9789814656221 (v.1 ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9814656224 (v.1 ; alk. paper) |
ISBN 9789814656238 (v.2 ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9814656232 (v.2 ; alk. paper) |
ISBN 9789814656245 (v.3 ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9814656240 (v.3 ; alk. paper) |
ISBN 9789814656252 (v.4 ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9814656259 (v.4 ; alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Cosmology--Encyclopedias.
Classification: LCC QB980.5 .E43 2018 | DDC 523.103--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017033919
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image credit: Vol. 1 - (front) NASA/JPL-Caltech, (back) NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the
HUDF Team; Vol. 2 - Illustris Collaboration; Vol. 3 - NASA, ESA, R. O'Connell (University of Virginia),
F. Paresce (National Institute for Astrophysics, Bologna, Italy), E. Young (Universities Space Research
Association/Ames Research Center), the WFC3 Science Oversight Committee, and the Hubble Heritage Team
(STScI/AURA); Vol. 4 - NASA, ESA, E. Jullo (JPL/LAM), P. Natarajan (Yale) and J-P. Kneib (LAM).
Copyright © 2018 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to
be invented, without written permission from the publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from
the publisher.
Desk Editor: Ng Kah Fee
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore
KahFee - 9496 - The Encyclopedia of Cosmology.indd 2 24-01-18 3:55:15 PM
January31,2018 15:49 TheEncyclopediaofCosmology:GalaxyFormation... 9.61inx6.69in b3068-v1-fm pagev
Winston Churchill said:
“My most brilliant achievement was to persuade my wife to marry me”.
This volume is dedicated to my family — Riki, Or, Ariel, and my
parents, who have been my companions on my career journey. It is also
dedicated to Richard Feynman, whose writings first ignited my interest
in physics. Feynman knew how to eloquently express the beauty of
science1:
“Poets say science takes away from the beauty of the stars — mere
globs of gas atoms. I too can see the stars on a desert night, and feel
them. But do I see less or more? The vastness of the heavens stretches
my imagination — stuck on this carousel my little eye can catch one-
million-year-old light. A vast pattern — of which I am a part...What
is the pattern, or the meaning, or the why? It does not do harm to
the mystery to know a little about it. For far more marvelous is the
truth than any artists of the past imagined it. Why do the poets of the
present not speak of it? What men are poets who can speak of Jupiter
if he were a man, but if he is an immense spinning sphere of methane
and ammonia must be silent?”
Feynman also wrote about the excitement of science2:
“We are very lucky to live in an age in which we are still making dis-
coveries. It is like the discovery of America — you only discover it
once”.
When he wrote this in 1965, Feynman was referring to the then
golden age of particle physics. I believe that today we are living in a
golden age of cosmology, particularly on the topics in Part II of this
volume. May the reader experience the joy of discovery!
1R.Feynman,TheCharacter ofPhysicalLaw(1965). ModernLibrary.ISBN0-679-60127-9.
2M.Sands,R.Feynman,R.B.Leighton,TheFeynmanLecturesonPhysics(1964).AddisonWesley.
v
TTTThhhhiiiissss ppppaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnntttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallllllllyyyy lllleeeefffftttt bbbbllllaaaannnnkkkk
January31,2018 15:49 TheEncyclopediaofCosmology:GalaxyFormation... 9.61inx6.69in b3068-v1-fm pagevii
Preface
This volume lays out the subjects of galaxy formation and evolution based on the
current paradigm in cosmology. Part I presents the theoretical understanding and
modeling of galaxy formation, including a brief treatment of galactic structure.
While not intended to be completely comprehensive, it is meant to cover back-
ground knowledge that is important for graduate students and researchers work-
ing in cosmology or galaxy formation, and is written mostly in textbook style. It
assumes pre-knowledgeof cosmology(which is only briefly reviewed), and thus can
be used as a source of advanced topics in a cosmology course, or as the basis for a
follow-upcourseinadvancedcosmology.Theapproachisastrophysical,focusingon
galaxyformationandmakingonlylimiteduseofgeneralrelativitywherenecessary.
When working through some of the more complicated sections, the reader may
find encouragement in two famous quotes by Einstein: “Things should be made as
simple as possible, but not any simpler”;and, “Inthe middle ofevery difficulty lies
opportunity.” Part II builds on Part I by presenting the exciting subject of high-
redshift galaxy formation, including topics such as cosmic dawn, the first stars,
cosmicreionization,and21-cmcosmology.Combiningareviewofprogressonthese
topicswithsomedetailedphysics,itismeanttobringactiveresearchersuptospeed
on recent work on galaxy formation at early times.
R. Barkana
vii
TTTThhhhiiiissss ppppaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnntttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallllllllyyyy lllleeeefffftttt bbbbllllaaaannnnkkkk
February7,2018 11:26 TheEncyclopediaofCosmology:GalaxyFormation... 9.61inx6.69in b3068-v1-fm pageix
Contents
Preface vii
Part I: Basic Theory of Galaxy Formation 1
1. Introduction 3
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Review of Cosmology 7
2.1 The Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) metric . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 The metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 Using the FRW metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Cosmic expansion: dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.1 Hubble’s law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.2 Redshift of light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.3 Luminosity distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Cosmic expansion: kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.1 Friedmann equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.2 Distribution functions and pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.3 Equation of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.4 Einstein–de Sitter (EdS) limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Redshifting of peculiar velocity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 Temperature evolution of gas and radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3. Statistics of Galaxy Formation 21
3.1 Random fields and correlationfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.1 Continuous and discrete fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
ix