The Encyclopedia of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery (Facts on File Library of Health and Living)

283 Pages·2009·1.32 MB·English

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
COSMETIC AND
PLASTIC SURGERY
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The encyclopedia of
cosmeTic and
plasTic surgery
carol ann rinzler
Foreword by
robert T. grant, m.d., m.sc., f.a.c.s.
and by
stanley darrow, d.d.s., f.a.c.d., f.a.g.d.
The Encyclopedia of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery
Copyright © 2009 by Carol Ann Rinzler
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rinzler, Carol Ann.
The encyclopedia of cosmetic and plastic surgery / Carol Ann Rinzler; foreword by Robert T. Grant and
by Stanley Darrow.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6285-0 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8160-6285-4 (alk. paper)
1. Surgery, Plastic—Encyclopedias. I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Reconstructive Surgical Procedures—Encyclopedias—English. 2. Cosmetic Techniques—
Encyclopedias—English. 3. Surgery, Plastic—Encyclopedias—English. WO 13 R584e 2009]
RD118.R56 2009
617.9'5—dc22 2008016098
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses,
associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at
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You can fi nd Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfi le.com

Text and cover design by Cathy Rincon
Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent postconsumer recycled content.
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ConTEnTS
Foreword by Robert T. Grant, M.D., and
by Stanley Darrow, D.D.S. vii
Introduction xi
Acknowledgments xv
Entries A–Z 1
Appendix: Web Sites 209
Glossary 218
Bibliography 237
Index 252
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FOREWORD
lastic and reconstructive surgery is a “quality- the result from the planned procedure that plastic
Pof-life” specialty. Plastic surgeons are devoted surgeons excel.
to improving the health, wellness, and life experi- Plastic surgery is also a specialty not restricted
ence of their patients. We do not “save” lives in by anatomic boundaries. When you make an
the sense that a cardiac surgeon helps repair the appointment to see an orthopedic surgeon, you are
heart’s blood supply after a heart attack or the going to have a bone or joint problem addressed.
breast surgeon fi ghts a woman’s cancer by remov- Likewise, when you see a neurosurgeon, your
ing part or all of her breast. It is in reconstruct- likely ailment involves the brain, spinal cord, or
ing the breast after an operation and restoring peripheral nervous system. Since plastic surgery
a women’s sense of wholeness, or addressing a is defi ned by the kinds of procedures that are per-
skin wound that will not heal after open heart formed and the techniques the surgeon utilizes,
surgery that plastic surgeons add tremendously every plastic surgeon’s practice is unique, so if
to the patient’s overall recovery and ability to you have met one plastic surgeon, you have met
enjoy life most completely. It can be hard to assess one plastic surgeon! Plastic surgeons operate all
the value of the contributions of plastic surgery. over the body, on the surface, and in the deepest
Deaths from diseases treated by plastic surgeons recesses of remote body cavities. They operate on
and “traditional” complications, like bleeding and newborns and elderly patients, patients with acute
infection, while seen, are not as commonplace as reconstructive needs, and patients who are hav-
after procedures in other specialties. How does ing truly elective surgery. Plastic surgeons’ clinical
one assess the success of the operation in plastic practices can vary widely from practitioner to prac-
surgery? We talk of a quick return to work and titioner. Some plastic surgeons specialize in surgery
baseline health for the patient after plastic surgery, of the hand, others in pediatric facial and congeni-
an improvement in self-esteem that results from tal anomalies like cleft lip and palate. Others can
the procedure and enhancement of the patient’s reconstruct a portion of the jawbone removed to
personal perspective on life and relationships as treat a cancer by fashioning a new jaw out of the
markers for successful outcomes from our proce- “spare parts” portion of one of the bones of the leg,
dures. How does one measure the improved social the fi bula. They then use microsurgery to reconnect
skills seen in people previously too shy to express the bone’s blood supply to ensure it stays alive after
themselves completely because of a body part that it has been moved into its new position in the body.
they were born with or that develops that is not in Joseph Murray, M.D., the surgeon who pioneered
proportion to the rest of their frame, who blossoms the fi rst kidney transplant, is a plastic surgeon. All
after the face or body are put in better harmony of the advances today in transplantation of solid
by a plastic surgery procedure? It is in meeting or organs such as livers, hearts, and kidneys, includ-
exceeding the patient’s reasonable expectations of ing the amazing advances with “composite” organ
vii
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viii The Encyclopedia of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery
transplants (tissues made up of a variety of differ- his or her patients, trouble follows. Whether it is
ing cell types like hands and faces) all owe their in the exploitation of the doctor-patient relation-
success to the work of plastic surgeons. ship for entertainment purposes on “reality TV”
Finally, there is the cosmetic surgeon—the or the shameless promotion of new, untested, or
kind of plastic surgeon most lay people think is unproven treatments for aging or for rejuvenation,
representative of the work done in the specialty. doctors practicing cosmetic surgery and medicine
Not only mainstream American media, but most fail their patients and their profession. “Newer” is
Americans themselves are fascinated not just with not always necessarily better.
the lives and lifestyles of cosmetic surgery patients, So where does this leave the patient? Bom-
but with those of the practitioners as well! It is barded by images daily in the media or online,
no secret that as the American population ages, how does one cut through the morass of informa-
the “baby boomer” population is carrying to new tion related to plastic surgery, yet not be over-
levels the search to remain not only active but to whelmed and still feel in control of one’s life and
look younger than their parents did at the same health? Referring to trusted sources of informa-
age. There has been dramatic growth in the past tion is the best prescription for moving forward.
decade in both of the noninvasive techniques The information contained in The Encyclopedia of
available—fi llers that replace lost facial volume Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery is indeed comprehen-
due to age as well as injectable toxins that erase sive. Making reference to the topics reviewed in
the wrinkles that come over time. Laser and other this volume is an outstanding way to familiarize
light-based technologies also are now available to oneself with the language, traditions, and tech-
“rejuvenate” the face, hands, and chest, working niques of the specialty of plastic and reconstruc-
to counter the deleterious cosmetic effects of a tive surgery. After reading through the topics
lifetime of sun exposure, poor dietary habits, and here, use the Internet and consult the Web sites
smoking. Men, too, have jumped on the cosmetic of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons or the
surgery bandwagon, accounting for as many as 15 American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, as
to 20 percent of patients seeking cosmetic services both contain additional resources designed specifi -
in recent surveys. They also desire the vigorous cally for the education of patients and providers.
look of youth at home and in their workplaces. Finally, fi nd a board-certifi ed plastic surgeon who
The time-honored proverb may state that “appear- shares your same life perspective and goals for
ance isn’t everything,” but survey after survey health and wellness.
confi rms that in today’s culture and society people Before you agree to undergo any procedure,
who are considered more youthful and pleasing in your plastic surgeon should be seeking to explore
appearance get promoted faster and make more the potential motivations for why you might be
money than their older-appearing, less attractive considering a certain procedure. The doctor should
peers. be asking questions such as “How long has this
Plastic surgeons are leading the way among issue been bothering you?” or, “How do you see
medical professionals in building wellness rela- the potential for improvement from the procedure
tionships with their patients, partnering with them affecting your life?” Plastic surgeons know that the
in defi ning lifestyle choices that make one beauti- more specifi c they can frame the issue that bothers
ful both within and without. the patient, the higher the likelihood of a success-
But not all plastic surgery is performed by plas- ful surgical outcome. Most accomplished plastic
tic surgeons. Because there is no traditional ana- surgeons can deliver the desired enhancement in
tomic border to this specialty, other doctors have one’s appearance if they feel the patient is a rea-
fl ocked to cosmetic surgery and medicine as a way sonable and realistic candidate. What no surgeon
to protect their own personal fi nancial bottom can do is say whether an enhanced post-operative
line from the economic realities of the increas- body image will improve one’s relationship with a
ingly dysfunctional health care system. When a spouse or make one more desirable to a potential
doctor puts self-interest ahead of the interests of employer. That part is up to you!
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Foreword ix
Remember that all procedures, even the less addressed issue is the position of the teeth, which
invasive ones like fi llers and lasers, have risks and are visible, and their appearance, color, and shape.
side effects, even in the most skilled hands. If it Missing teeth can be a functional and aesthetic
seems “too good to be true,” well, it probably is. problem.
Medicine and surgery have made quantum leaps Replacement of missing teeth has been a major
over past generations, but the basic components of concern of restorative dentists in recent years as
human healing and frailty remain. Complete heal- well as far back in history as the earliest civiliza-
ing takes time, a commodity increasingly in short tions. Modern techniques for replacement have
supply in today’s hectic pace of work and home been enhanced and refi ned, giving the dentist
life. When surgery is truly elective, make sure you many new and effective tools. This includes refi ne-
are in the best physical and mental health possible ment and scientifi c validation of implant proce-
before proceeding. If there are unresolved health dures, a process of giving a patient replacement
or wellness issues, there is no reason to move for- teeth. Currently this system is in the hands of the
ward. Reschedule the planned procedure or return trained general dentist or a team of surgical and
later for another consultation once your life and restorative practitioners.
health are in better order. Having a complication Other advances in dentistry provide for new
or less than optimal outcome will not make you and improved restoration of individual teeth after
feel better about yourself at all! You are in control carious (affected by cavities) or traumatic injury.
of when you want to consider scheduling a consul- Newer materials and techniques are aimed at
tation or potential operation. attaining maximum aesthetic results and longev-
The elective nature of the aesthetic marketplace ity. The smile as a social and business asset helps
is a great advantage. Be sure to visit a number create a fi rst impression of great signifi cance. In
of plastic surgeons before undergoing any type the forefront of an engaging smile is a pleasing
of procedure to be sure you have found the best presentation of the teeth. The aesthetic dentist is
practitioner and feel confi dent with the choice and instrumental in creating the most natural shape
the advice received. You should like and trust your and color of teeth, which should conform to the
plastic surgeon and should never feel rushed or facial features of his or her patient. The teeth
harried. By doing your “homework,” through this are not only framed by the face and lips but also
book, online, and in person, you will have become by the gingival (gum) tissue displayed. Healthy
empowered in harnessing those areas where tradi- pink gum tissue is pleasing to the observer. The
tional medical doctors can assist in improving how periodontal specialist is sometimes needed to
you look and feel. restore healthy-looking gingival tissue. Some of
the more technically exacting procedures may
Robert T. Grant, M.D., M.Sc, F.A.C.S., involve grafting tissue from other areas of the
Plastic- Surgeon-in-Chief, New York Presbyterian mouth.
Hospital, the University Hospital of Columbia and New techniques that allow doctors to change
Cornell; Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery, the shape and color of teeth include direct bond-
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia ing, ceramic veneers, and enhanced-strength
University; Adjunct Associate Professor of Clinical porcelain crowns. It should be noted that chalky
Surgery (Plastic Surgery), Weill Medical College white coloration or straight lines do not make for
of Cornell University great aesthetics. Restorative dentists are trained
to relate tooth form and shading to the facial
The dentist is a major fi gure in the enhancement contours and complexion of the patient. There
of facial cosmetic improvement. He or she is not are many simple and noninvasive procedures that
only concerned with the teeth but with all of the can enhance the appearance of teeth. The aes-
jaw apparatus. Without properly functioning jaw thetic dentist will consider all aspects and choose
joints, muscles, and lips, facial expression may procedures that will help the patient in line with
be compromised. Probably the most commonly fi nancial limitations.
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