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THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM NEW EDITION PREPARED BY A NUMBER OF LEADING ORIENTALISTS EDITED BY AN EDITORIAL COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF H. A. R. GIBB, J. H. KRAMERS, E. LfiVI-PROVENgAL, J. SCHACHT ASSISTED BY S. M. STERN AS SECRETARY GENERAL (pp. 1-320) B. LEWIS, CH. PELLAT AND J. SCHACHT ASSISTED BY C. DUMONT AND R. M. SAVORY AS EDITORIAL SECRETARIES (pp. 321-1359) UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ACADEMIES VOLUME I A-B PHOTOMECHANICAL REPRINT LEIDEN E. J. BRILL 1986 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Former and present members: A. ABEL, C. C. BERG, F. GABRIELI, E. GARC!A G6MEZ, H. A. R. GIBB, the late J. H. KRAMERS, the late E. LEVI-PROVENCAL, [G. LEVI DELLA VIDA], B. LEWIS, [the late E. LITTMANN], H. MASSE, G. C. MILES, H. S. NYBERG, R. PARET, CH. PELLAT, J. PEDERSEN, [the late N. W. POSTHUMUS], J. SCHACHT, F. C. WIEDER Former and present associated members: H. H. ABDUL WAHAB, the late A. ADNAN ADIVAR, HUSAIN DJAJADI- NINGRAT, A. A. A. FYZEE, M. FUAD KOPRULU, IBRAHIM MADKOUR, KHALIL MARDAM BEY, NAJI AL-ASIL, MUHAMMAD SHAFI, HASAN TAGHIZADE, E. TYAN Former ana present honorary members: G. LEVI DELLA VIDA; the late E. LITTMANN ON THE COMPLETION OF THE FIRST VOLUME OF THE NEW EDITION OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM, THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE PAYS HOMAGE TO THE MEMORY OF J. H. KRAMERS AND E. LfiVI-PROVEN£AL, MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE AND OF THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEES, DECEASED IN 1951 AND IN 1956 RESPECTIVELY. ist edition 1960 reprinted 1967 reprinted 1979 ISBN 90 04 08114 3 Copyright 1960 by E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the Editors PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME Names in square brackets in this list are those of authors of articles reprinted or revised from the first edition of this Encyclopaedia or from the Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam. An asterisk after the name of the author denotes those articles reprinted from the first edition which have been brought up to date by the Editorial Committee; where an article has been revised by a second author his name appears within square brackets at the end of the article after the name of the original author. M. ABDUL HAI, University of Dacca. H. H. ABDUL WAHAB, Tunis. A. ABEL, University of Brussels. A. ADAM, Institut des Hautes-fitudes Marocaines, Rabat. the late A. ADNAN ADIVAR, Istanbul. F. R. ALLCHIN, University of Cambridge. R. ANHEGGER, Istanbul. W. 'ARAFAT, University of London. R. R. ARAT, University of Istanbul. A. J. ARBERRY, University of Cambridge. [C. VAN ARENDONK, Leiden]. E. ASHTOR, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. J. AUBIN, Institut Fran£ais, Teheran. G. AWAD, Baghdad. D. AYALON, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. FR. BABINGER, University of Munich. F. BAJRAKTAREVIC", University of Belgrade. J. M. S. BALJON Jr., Blankenham, Netherlands. - [W. BARTHOLD, Leningrad]. [H. BASSET, Rabat]. [R. BASSET, Algiers]. A. BAUSANI, Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples. M. CAVID BAYSUN, University of Istanbul. L. BAZIN, ficole des Langues orientales, Paris. A. S. BAZMEE ANSARI, Karachi. S. DE BEAURECUEIL, Cairo. [C. H. BECKER, Berlin]. C. F. BECKINGHAM, University of Manchester. A. F. L. BEESTON, University of Oxford. [A. BEL, Tlemcen]. N. BELDICEANU, Paris. [M. BEN CHENEB, Algiers]. A. BENNIGSEN, Paris. C. C. BERG, University of Leiden. S. VAN DEN BERGH, London. J. BERQUE, College de France, Paris. W. BJORKMAN, Uppsala. R. BLACHERE, University of Paris. [J. F. BLUMHARDT, London]. [Tj. DE BOER, Amsterdam]. D. J. BOILOT, Cairo. S. A. BONEBAKKER, University of Leiden. C. E. BOSWORTH, University of St. Andrews. G.-H. BOUSQUET, University of Algiers. the late H. BOWEN, University of London. J. A. BOYLE, University of Manchester. H. W. BRANDS, Fulda. W. BRAUNE, Free University of Berlin. [C. BROCKELMANN, Halle], R. BRUNSCHVIG, University of Paris. [F. BUHL, Copenhagen]. J. BURTON-PAGE, University of London. A. CAFEROGLU, University of Istanbul. CL. CAHEN, University of Paris. M. CANARD, University of Algiers. R. CAPOT-REY, University of Algiers. [B. CARRA DE VAUX, Paris]. Mmc H. CARRERE D'ENCAUSSE, Paris. W. CASKEL, University of Cologne. E. CERULLI, Rome. M. CHAILLEY, Bamako. CHAFIK CHEHATA, University of Cairo. G. L. M. CLAUSON, London. G. S. COLIN, ficole des Langues Orientales, Paris. M. COLOMBE, ficole des Langues Orientales, Paris. C. S. COON, University of Pennsylvania. PH. DE COSSE-BRISSAC, Paris. N. J. COULSON, University of London. [A. COUR, Constantine]. K. A. C. CRESWELL, American University, Cairo. M. CRUZ HERNANDEZ, University of Salamanca. A. H. DANI, University of Dacca. J. DAVID-WEILL, licole du Louvre, Paris. C. COLLIN DAVIES, University of Oxford. A. DECEI, University of Istanbul. J. DENY, ficole des Langues Orientales, Paris. J. DESPOIS, University of Paris. A. DIETRICH, University of Gottingen. B. DJURDJEV, University of Sarajevo. J. DRESCH, University of Paris. C. E. DUBLER, University of Zurich. H. W. DUDA, University of Vienna. D. M. DUNLOP, University of Cambridge. A. A. DURI, University of Baghdad. SALEH A. EL-ALI, University of Baghdad. J. ELFENBEIN, London. C. ELGOOD, El-Obeid, Sudan. N. ELISSEEFF, Institut Francais, Damascus. M. EMERIT, University of Algiers. M. ENAMUL HAQ, Bengali Academy, Dacca. R. ETTINGHAUSEN, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington. H. G. FARMER, Glasgow. J. FAUBLEE, ficole des Langues orientales, Paris. L. FEKETE, University of Budapest. H. FLEISCH, Universite St.-Joseph, Beirut. R. N. FRYE, Harvard University. J. W. FUCK, University of Halle. A. A. A. FYZEE, University of Jammu and Kashmir. F. GABRIELI, University of Rome. L. GALAND, ficole des Langues orientales, Paris. Mme P. GALAND-PERNET. Paris. E. GARCIA G6MEZ, University of Madrid. L. GARDET, Paris. C. L. GEDDES. American University, Cairo. R. GHIRSHMAN, Institut Francais, Teheran. M. A. GHUL, University of St. Andrews. H. A. R. GIBB, Harvard University. [F. GIESE, Breslau]. S. GLAZER, Washington. H. W. GLIDDEN, Washington. N. GLUECK, Cincinnati. S. D. GOITEIN, University of Pennsylvania. M. TAYYIB GOKBILGIN, University of Istanbul. [I. GOLDZIHER, Budapest]. H. L. GOTTSCHALK, University of Vienna. E. GRAF, University of Cologne. A. GROHMANN, University of Cairo. VI AUTHORS A. GUILLAUME, University of London. | MOHAMMAD HABIB, Muslim University, Aligarh. G. LANKESTER HARDING, Amman. [A. HAFFNER, Vienna]. P. HARDY, University of London. J. B. HARRISON, School of Oriental and African Studies, London. [R. HARTMANN, Deutsche Akademie, Berlin]. W. HARTNER, University of Frankfurt. L. P. HARVEY, Oxford. R. L. HEADLEY, Dhahran. [J. HELL, Erlangen]. [B. HELLER, Budapest]. [E. HERZFELD, Chicago]. U. HEYD, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. R. L. HILL, University of Durham. S. HILLELSON, London. HILMY AHMAD, University of Cairo. M. G. S. HODGSON, University of Chicago. W. HOENERBACH, University of California, Los Angeles. P. M. HOLT, University of London. [E. HONIGMANN, Brussels]. [P. HORN, Strasbourg]. [J. HOROVITZ, Frankfurt]. F. HOURS, Beirut. [M. TH. HOUTSMA, Utrecht]. I/HRBEK, Oriental Institute, Prague. [CL. HUART, Paris]. A. HUICI MIRANDA, Valencia. A. J. W. HUISMAN, Leiden. G. W. B. HUNTINGFORD, University of London. H. R. IDRIS, University of Algiers. HALIL INALCIK, University of Ankara. SH. IN AYATULLAH, University of the Pan jab, Lahore. [W. IRVINE]. FAHIR Iz, University of Istanbul. the late A. JEFFERY, Columbia University, New York. J. JOMIER, Cairo. J. M. B. JONES, School of Oriental and African Studies, London. [TH. W. JUYNBOLL, Utrecht]. E. Z. KARAL, University of Ankara. IRFAN KAWAR, University of California, Los Angeles. the late R. A. KERN, University of Leiden. M. KHALAFALLAH, University of Alexandria. W. A. S. KHALIDI, American University, Beirut. H. KINDERMANN, University of Cologne. H. J. KISSLING, University of Munich. M. J. KISTER, Haifa. L. KOPF, Jerusalem. M. FUAD KOPRULU, Ankara. [T. KOWALSKI, Cracow]. J. KRAEMER, University of Erlangen. R. F. KREUTEL, Vienna. KASIM KUFREVI, Ankara. E. KOHNEL, Free University of Berlin. E. KURAN, Istanbul. F. KUSSMAUL, Stuttgart. Miss A. K. S. LAMBTON, University of London. C. J. LAMM, Oregrund, Sweden. [H. LAMMENS, Beirut]. J. M. LANDAU, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. D. M. LANG, University of London. H. LAOUST, College de France, Paris. J. D. LATHAM, University of Manchester. J. LECERF, £cole des Langues orientales, Paris. Mme CH. LE CGEUR, Paris. R. LE TOURNEAU, University of Aix-Marseilles. the late E. LEVI-PROVENCAL, University of Paris. R. LEVY, University of Cambridge. T. LEWICKI, University of Cracow. B. LEWIN, University of Gothenburg. B. LEWIS, University of London. G. L. LEWIS, University of Oxford. I. M. LEWIS, Hargeisa, Somaliland. the late E. LITTMANN, University of Tubingen. L. LOCKHART, University of Cambridge. O. LOFGREN, University of Uppsala. SH. T. LOKHANDWALLA, University of Edinburgh. F. LOKKEGAARD, University of Copenhagen. S. H. LONGRIGG, London. [M. LONGWORTH DAMES, Guildford]. H. Louis, University of Munich. R. J. MCCARTHY, Al-Hikma University, Baghdad. [D. B. MACDONALD, Hartford, Conn.] D. N. MACKENZIE, School of Oriental and African Studies, London. A. J. MANGO, London. S. E. MANN, University of London. R. MANTRAN, University of Tunis. S. MAQBUL AHMAD, Muslim University, Aligarh. G. MARCAIS, University of Algiers. PH. MARCAIS, University of Algiers. the late W. MARCAIS, College de France, Paris. [D. S. MARGOLIOUTH, Oxford]. M" E. MARIN, New York. H. MASSE, ficole des Langues orientales, Paris. L. MASSIGNON, College de France, Paris. C. D. MATTHEWS, Dhahran. F. MEIER, University of Basle. Mme I. MELIKOFF, Paris. V. MELKONIAN, Basra.. V. L. MENAGE, School of Oriental and African Studies, London. G. MEREDITH-OWENS, British Museum, London. [M. MEYERHOF, Cairo]. G. C. MILES, New York. J. M. MiLLAs, University of Barcelona. V. MINORSKY, University of London. [E. MITTWOCH, London]. [J. H. MORDTMANN, Berlin]. G. MORGENSTIERNE, University of Oslo. S. MOSCATI, University of Rome. [A. DE MOTYLINSKI, Constantine]. H. C. MUELLER, Dhahran. W. E. MULLIGAN, Dhahran. the late S. F. NADEL, Australian National University, Canberra. ALBERT N. NADER, Beirut. SAID NAFICY, University of Teheran. [C. A. NALLINO, Rome]. Mlle M. NALLINO, University of Rome. B. NIKITINE, Paris. K. A. NIZAMI, Muslim University, Aligarh. M. NIZAMUDDIN, Osmania University, Hyderabad. J. NOORDUYN, Oegstgeest, Netherlands. S. NURUL HASAN, Muslim University, Aligarh. H. S. NYBERG, University of Uppsala. [C. A. VAN OPHUYZEN, Leiden]. S. D'OTTON LOYEWSKI, Paris. R. PARET, University of Tubingen. V. J. PARRY, School of Oriental and African Studies, London. J. D. PEARSON, School of Oriental and African Stu- dies, London. J. PEDERSEN, University of Copenhagen. CH. PELLAT, University of Paris. H. PERES, University of Algiers. K. PETRA£EK, University of Prague. A. J. PIEKAAR, The Hague. R. PINDER-WILSON, British Museum, London. S. PINES, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. M. PLESSNER, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. AUTHORS VII W. POPPER, University of California, Berkeley. J. PRINS, University of Utrecht. O. PRITSAK, University of Hamburg. Mlle CH. QUELQUEJAY, Paris. C. RABIN, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. F. RAHMAN, McGill University, Montreal. [H. RECKENDORF, Freiburg i. Br.]. H. A. REED, Moorestown, N. J., U.S.A. G. RENTZ, Dhahran. [N. RHODOKANAKIS, Graz.]. R. RICARD, University of Paris. J. RIKABI, University of Damascus H. RITTER, University of Frankfurt. J. ROB SON, University of Manchester. M. RODINSON, ficole des Hautes Etudes, Paris. F. ROSENTHAL, Yale University. the late E. Rossi, University of Rome. R. RUBINACCI, Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples. [J. RUSKA, Heidelberg]. A. J. RUSTUM, University of Beirut. J. RYPKA, University of Prague. CH. SAMARAN, Institut des Hautes Etudes, Tunis. T. SARNELLI, Rome. R. M. SAVORY, School of Oriental and African Studies, London. [A. SCHAADE, Hamburg]. J. SCHACHT, Columbia University, New York. [J. SCHLEIFER]. [M. SCHMITZ]. BEDI N. §EHSUVARo6LU, University of Istanbul. [M. SELIGSOHN]. [C. F. SEYBOLD, Tubingen]. MUHAMMED SHAFI, University of the Panjab, Lahore. STANFORD J. SHAW, Harvard University. G. E. SHAYYAL, University of Alexandria. H. K. SHERWANI, Hyderabad, India. D. Si NOR, University of Cambridge. Miss MARGARET SMITH, London. W. CANTWELL SMITH, McGill University, Montreal. H. T. SORLEY, Salisbury, S. Rhodesia. D. SOURDEL, Paris. Mme J. SOURDEL-THOMINE, Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Paris. T. G. P. SPEAR, University of Cambridge. B. SPULER, University of Hamburg. S. M. STERN, University of Oxford. [M. STRECK, Jena]. G. STRENZIOK, University of Cologne. FARUK SUMER, University of Ankara. [K. SUSSHEIM, Munich]. [H. SUTER, Zurich]. FR. TAESCHNER, University of Minister. A. H. TANPINAR, University of Istanbul. A. N. TARLAN, University of Istanbul. H. TERRASSE, University of Algiers. A. TIETZE, University of California, Los Angeles. H. R. TINKER, University of London. Z. V. TOGAN, University of Istanbul. L. TORRES BALSAS, University of Madrid. J. S. TRIMINGHAM, University of Glasgow. A. S. TRITTON, University of London. R. TSCHUDI, University of Basle. E. TYAN, Faculty of Law, Beirut. E. ULLENDORF, University of Manchester. I. H. UzuN9ARSiLi, University of Istanbul. G. VAJDA, Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Paris. Mme L. VECCIA VAGLIERI, Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples. J. VERNET, University of Barcelona. F. Si VIDAL, Dhahran. F. VIRE, Digne. [K. VOLLERS, Jena]. G. E. VON GRUNEBAUM, University of California, Los Angeles. P. VOORHOEVE, Leiden. E. WAGNER, Gottingen. J. WALKER, British Museum, London. J. WALSH, University of Edinburgh. R. WALZER, University of Oxford. W. MONTGOMERY WATT, University of Edinburgh. H. WEHR, University of Erlangen. the late G. WEIL, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. [A. J. WENSINCK, Leiden]. G. E. WHEELER, London. C. E. J. WHITTING, London. [E. WIEDEMANN, Erlangen]. G. WIET, College de France, Paris. D. N. WILBER, Princeton, N.J., U.S.A. H. VON WISSMANN, University of Tubingen. YAR MUHAMMAD KHAN, University of Sind, Hyder- abad, Pakistan. [G. YVER, Algiers]. M. A. ZAKI BADAWI, University of Malaya. the late ZAKY M. HASSAN, Cairo. [K. V. ZETTERSTEEN, Uppsala]. ABBREVIATED TITLES OF SOME OF THE MOST OFTEN QUOTED WORKS Abu'l-Fida', Takwim = Takwim al-Bulddn, ed. J.-T. Reinaud and M. de Slane, Paris 1840 Abu'l-Fida*, Takwim, tr. = Geographic d'Aboulfeda, traduite de Varabe en francais; vol. 1, II, i by Reinaud, Paris 1848; vol. II, 2 by St. Guyard, 1883 Aghdni1 or 2 or 3 = Abu'l-Faradj al-Isfahanl, al- Aghdni; lBulak 1285; 2Cairo 1323; 'Cairo 1345- Aghdni, Tables = Tables alphabetiques du Kitdb al-aghdni, redig6es par I. Guidi, Leiden 1900 Aghdni, Brunnow = The XX 1st vol. of the Kitdb al-Aghdni, ed. R. E. Brunnow, Leiden 1883 rAli Djawad = Mamdlik-i ^Othmdniyyenin ta?rikh wa djughrdfiyd lughdti, Istanbul 1313-17/1895-9. al-Anbari, Nuzha = Nuzhat al-Alibbd* fi Tabakdt al-Udaba3, Cairo 1294 cAwfi, Lubdb = Lubdb al-Albdb, ed. E. G. Browne, London-Leiden 1903-1906 Babinger = F. Babinger, Die Geschichtsschreiber der Osmanen und ihre Werke, ist ed., Leiden 1927 Baghdad!, Park = al-Fark bayn al-Firak, ed. Mu- hammad Badr, Cairo 1328/1910 Baladhurl, Futuh = Futufr al-Bulddn, ed. M. J. de Goeje, Leiden 1866 Baladhurl, Ansdb = Ansdb al-Ashrdf, iv, v, ed. M. Schlossinger and S. D. F. Goitein, Jerusalem 1936-38 Barkan, Kanunlar — Cmer Lutn Barkan, XV ve XVI inci Astrlarda Osmanh Imparatorlugunda Zirai Ekonominin Hukuki ve Mali Esaslan, I. Kanunlar, Istanbul 1943 Barthold, Turkestan = W. Barthold, Turkestan down to the Mongol invasion, London 1928 (GMS, N.S. V) Barthold, Turkestan2 = the same, 2nd edition, London 1958 Blachere, Litt. = R. Blachere, Histoire de la Litte- rature arabe, i, Paris 1952 Brockelmann, I, II = C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur, zweite den Supplement- banden angepasste Auflage, Leiden 1943-49 Brockelmann, S I, II, III = G. d. A. L., Erster (Zweiter, Dritter) Supplementband, Leiden 1937-42 Browne, i = E. G. Browne, A Literary History of Persia, from the earliest times until Firdawsi, London 1902 Browne, ii = A Literary History of Persia, from Firdawsi to Sacdi, London 1908 Browne, iii = A History of Persian Literature under Tartar Dominion, Cambridge 1920 Browne, iv = A History of Persian Literature in Modern Times, Cambridge 1924 Caetani, Annali = L. Caetani, Annali dell'Islam, Milano 1905-26 Chauvin, Bibliographic — V. Chauvin, Bibliographic des ouvrages arabes et relatifs aux Arabes, Lille 1892 pabbi = Bughyat al-Multamis fi Ta'rikh Rid^dl Ahl al-Andalust ed. F. Codera y J. Ribera, Madrid 1885 (BAH III) Damlrl = Ifaydt al-ffayawdn (quoted according to titles of articles) Dawlatshah = Tadhkirat al-Shucard', ed. E. G. Browne, London-Leiden 1901 Dhahabl, Huffdz = al-Dhahabl, Tadhkirat al-Ifuffdz, 4 vols., Hyderabad 1315 H. Djuwaynl = Td*rikh-i Djihdn-guska. ed. Muhammad Kazwini, Leiden 1906-37 (GMS XVI) Djuwaym-Boyle =-- The History of the World- conqueror, by cAta-Malik Djuwaym, trans. J. A. Boyle, 2 vols., Manchester 1958 Dozy, Notices = R. Dozy, Notices sur quelques manuscrits arabes, Leiden 1847-51 Dozy, Recherches 3 = Recherches sur Vhistoire et la litterature de I'Espagne pendant le moyen-dge, third edition, Paris and Leiden 1881 Dozy, Suppl. = R. Dozy, Supplement aux diction- naires arabes, Leiden 1881 (anastatic reprint Leiden-Paris 1929) Fagnan, Extraits = E. Fagnan, Extraits inedits re- latifs au Maghreb, Alger 1924 Farhang = Razmara and Nawtash, Farhang-i Diughrdfiyd-yi Iran, Tehran 1949-1953 Fihrist = Ibn al-Nadlm, K. al-Fihrist, ed. G. Flugel, Leipzig 1871-72 Firishta = Muhammad Kasim Firishta, Gulshan-i Ibrdhlml, lith. Bombay 1832 Gesch. des Qor. = Th. Noldeke, Geschichte des Qordns, new edition by F. Schwally, G. Bergstrasser and O. Pretzl, 3 vols., Leipzig 1909-38 Gibb, Ottoman Poetry = E. J. W. Gibb, A History of Ottoman Poetry, London 1900-09 Gibb-Bowen = H. A. R. Gibb and Harold Bowen, Islamic Society and the West, London 1950-1957 Goldziher, Muh. St. = I. Goldziher, Muhammeda- | nische Studien, 2 vols., Halle 1888-90 I Goldziher, Vorlesungen = I. Goldziher, Vorlesungen uber den Islam, Heidelberg 1910 Goldziher, Vorlesungen* — 2nded., Heidelberg 1925 Goldziher. Dogme = Le dogme et la loi de Vislam, tr. F. Arin, Paris 1920 HadjdjI Khalifa, Diihdn-numd = Istanbul 1145/1732 Hadidji Khalifa = Kashf al-gunun, ed. §. Yaltkaya and Kilisli Rifat Bilge, Istanbul 1941-43 Hadidii Khalifa, ed. Flugel = K. al-%., Leipzig 1835-58 Hamd Allah Mustawfi, Nuzha = Nuzhat al-Kulub, ed. G. le Strange, Leiden 1913-19 (GMS XXIII) Hamdanl = Sifat Diazirat al-'Arab, ed. D. H. MiiUer, Leiden 1884-91 Hammer-Purgstall GOR = J. von Hammer(-Purg- stall), Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, Pest 1828-35 Hammer-Purgstall GOR * = the same, 2nd ed. Pest 1840 Hammer-Purgstall, Histoire — the same, trans, by J. J. Hellert, 18 vols., Bellizard [etc.], Paris [etc.], 1835-43 Hammer-Purgstall, Staatsverfassung = J. von Ham- mer, Des Osmanischen Reichs Staatsverfassung und Staatsverwaltung, 2 vols., Vienna 1815 Houtsma, Recueil = M. Th. Houtsma, Recueil des textes relatifs d Vhistoire des Seldjoucides, Leiden 1886-1902 ABBREVIATED TITLES OF SOME OF THE MOST OFTEN QUOTED WORKS IX ffudud al^Alam = The Regions of the World, transla- ted by V. Minorsky, London 1937 (GMS, N.S. XI) Ibn al-Abbar = K. Takmilat al-Sila, ed. F. Co- dera, Madrid 1887-89 (BHA V-VI) Ibn al-Athlr = K. al-Kdmil, ed. C. J. Tornberg, Leiden 1851-76 Ibn al-Athlr, trad. Fagnan = Annales du Maghreb et de I'Espagne, tr. E. Fagnan, Algiers 1901 Ibn Bashkuwal=^T. al-Sila fi Akhbdr A^immat al- Andalus, ed. F. Codera, Madrid 1883 (BHA II) Ibn Battuta = Voyages d'Ibn Batouta. Arabic text, ed. and Fr. tr. by C. Defremery and B. R. Sanguinetti, 4 vols., Paris 1853-58 Ibn al-Faklh = Mukhtasar K. al-Bulddn, ed. M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1886 (EGA V) Ibn Hawkal = K. $urat al-Ard, ed. J. H. Kramers, Leiden 1938-39 (BGA II, 2nd edition) Ibn Hisham = Sira, ed. F. Wiistenfeld, Gottingen 1859-60 Ibn cldhari = K. al-Baydn al-Mughrib, ed. G. S. Colin and E. Levi-Provencal, Leiden 1948-51; vol. iii, ed. E. LeVi-Provencal, Paris 1930 Ibn al-clmad, Shadhardt = Shadhardt al-Dhahab fi Akhbdr man dhahab, Cairo 1350-51 (quoted according to years of obituaries) Ibn Khaldun, 'Ibar = K. al-clbar wa-Diwdn al- Mubtadd* wa-l-Khabar etc., Bulak 1284 Ibn Khaldun, Mukaddima — ProUgomenes d'Ebn Khaldoun, ed. E. Quatremere, Paris 1858-68 (Notices et Extraits XVI-XVIII) Ibn Khaldun-Rosenthal = The Muqaddimah, trans. from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal, 3 vols., London 1958 Ibn Khaldun-de Slane = Les prolegomenes d'Ibn Khaldoun, traduits en frangais et commentes par M. de Slane, Paris 1863-68 (anastatic reprint 1934-38) Ibn Khallikan = Wafaydt al-A^ydn wa-Anbd* Abna* al Zamdn, ed. F. Wiistenfeld, Gottingen 1835-50 (quoted after the numbers of biographies) Ibn Khallikan, Bulak = the same, ed. Bulak 1275 Ibn Khallikan-de Slane = Kitdb Wafaydt al-Acydn, trans, by Baron MacGuckin de Slane, 4 vols., Paris 1842-1871 Ibn Khurradadhbih = al-Masdlik wa 'l-Mamdlik, ed. M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1889 (BGA VI) Ibn Kutayba, al-Shicr = Ibn Kutayba, Kitdb al- Shi^r wa'l-Shu^ard, ed. De Goeje, Leiden 1900 Ibn Rusta = al-AHdk al-Nafisa, ed. M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1892 (BGA VII) Ibn Rusta-Wiet = Les Atours precieux, traduction de Gaston Wiet, Cairo 1955 Ibn Sacd = al-Tabakdt al-kubrd, ed. H. Sachau and others, Leiden 1905-40 Ibn Taghrlbirdl = al-Nudjum al-Zdhira fi Muluk Misr wa-l-Kdhira, ed. W. Popper, Berkeley- Leiden 1908-1936 Ibn Taghrlbirdl, Cairo = the same, ed. Cairo 13486*. Idrlsl, Maghrib = Description de I'Afrique et de I'Espagne, ed. R. Dozy and M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1866 Idrisi-Jaubert = Geographic d'Edrisi, trad, de 1'arabe en francais par P. Amedee Jaubert, 2 vols, Paris 1836-40 I§takhrl =-• al-Masdlik wa 'l-Mamdlik, ed. M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1870 (BGA I) (and reprint 1927) JuynboU, Handbuch = Th. W. JuynboU, Handbuch des Isldmischen Gesetzes, Leiden 1910 Khwandam!r = ffabib al-Siyar, Tehran 1271 Kutubl, Fawdt = Ibn Shakir al-Kutubl, Fawdt al- Wafaydt, Bulalj 1299 LA = Lisdn al-*Arab Lane = E. W. Lane, An Arabic-English Lexicon, London 1863-93 (reprint New York 1955-6) Lane-Poole, Cat. = S. Lane-Poole, Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum, 1877-90 Lavoix, Cat. = H. Lavoix, Catalogue des Monnaies Musulmanes de la Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris 1887-96 Le Strange = G. Le Strange, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, 2nd ed., Cambridge 1930 Le Strange, Baghdad, = G. Le Strange, Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, Oxford 1924. Le Strange, Palestine = G. Le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems, London 1890 LeVi-Provengal, Hist.Esp. Mus. — E. L6vi-Provencal, Histoire de I'Espagne musulmant, nouv. 6d., Leiden-Paris 1950-53, 3 vols. Levi-Provencal, Chorfa = E. Levi-Provencal, Les Historiens des Chorfa, Paris 1922 Makkarl, Analectes = Naffy al-Tib fi Ghusn al- Andalus al-Ratib(Analectes surl'histoire et la litte- rature des Arabes de I'Espagne), Leiden 1855-61 Makkarl, Bulak = the same, ed. Bulak 1279/1862 Maspero-Wiet, Materiaux = J . Maspero et G. Wiet, Materiaux pour servir a la Geographic de I'Egypte, Le Caire 1914 (MIFAO XXXVI) Mascudi, Murudi = Murudi al-Dhahab, ed. C. Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille, Paris 1861-77 Mascudi, Tanbih = K. al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishrdf, ed. M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1894 (BGA VIII) Mayer, Architects = L. A. Mayer, Islamic Architects and their Works, Geneva 1956 Mayer, Astrolabists = L. A. Mayer, Islamic Astrolabists and their Works, Geneva 1958 Mayer, Metalworkers = L. A. Mayer, Islamic Metal- workers and their Works, Geneva 1959 Mayer, Woodcarvers = L. A. Mayer, Islamic Wood- carvers and their Works, Geneva 1958 Mez, Renaissance = A. Mez, Die Renaissance des I slams, Heidelberg 1922 Mez, Renaissance, Eng. tr. = The Renaissance of Islam, translated into English by Salahuddin Khuda Bukhsh and D. S. Margoliouth, London 1937 Mez, Renaissance, Spanish trans. = El Renacimiento del Islam, translated into Spanish by S. Vila, Madrid-Granada 1936. Mlrkhwand = Rawdat al-Safd, Bombay 1266/1849 Mukaddasl = Afysan al-Takdsim fi Ma^rifat al-A^d- lim, ed. M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1877 (BGA III) Munadjd|im Bashi = Sahd*if al-Akhbdr, IstanbuJ 1285 NaJlino, Scritti = C. A. Nallino, Raccolta di Scritti editi e inediti, Roma 1939-48 Zubayrl, Nasab = Muscab al-Zubayri, NasabKuraysh, ed. E. L6vi-Provencal, Cairo 1953 'Othmdnll Miiellifleri = Bursall Mehmed Tahir, CCM- mdnli Miiellifleri, Istanbul 1333 Pakalin = Mehmet Zeki Pakalin, Osmanh Tarih Deyimleri ve Terimleri Sdzlugu, 3 vols., Istanbul 1946 ff. Pauly-Wissowa = Realenzyklopaedie des klassischen Altertums Pearson = J. D. Pearson, Index Islamicus, Cam- bridge 1958 Pons Boigues = Ensayo bio-bibliogrdfico sobre los historiadores y gedgrafos ardbigo-espanoles, Madrid 1898 Samcam = al-Sameani, al-Ansdb, ed. in facsimile by D. S. Margolioutb, Leiden 1912 (GMS XX) Santillana, Istituzioni = D. Santillana, Istituzioni di diritto musulmano malichita, Roma 1926-38 ABBREVIATED TITLES OF SOME OF THE MOST OFTEN QUOTED WORKS Sarkis = Sarkis, Mu^diam al-matbii'dt al-carabiyya, Cairo 1346/1928 Schwarz, Iran = P. Schwarz, Iran im Mittelalter nach den arabischen Geographen, Leipzig 1896- Shahrastanl = al-Milal wa 'l-Nifral, ed. W. Cureton, London 1846 Si&ill-i 'Othmdni = Mehmed Thiireyya, Sidiill-i C0thmdni, Istanbul 1308-1316 Snouck Hurgronje, Verspr. Geschr. = C. Snouck Hurgronje, Verspr-eide Geschriften, Bonn-Leipzig- Leiden 1923-27 Sources intdites = Comte Henry de Castries, Les Sources incites de VHistoire du Maroc, Premiere Serie, Paris [etc.] 1905 —, Deuxieme Serie, Paris 1922 — Spuler, Horde = B. Spuler, Die Goldene Horde, Leipzig 1943 Spuler, Iran = B. Spuler, Iran in fruh-islamischer Zeit, Wiesbaden 1952 Spuler, Mongolen * = B. Spuler, Die Mongolen in Irant 2nd ed., Berlin 1955 Storey = C. A. Storey, Persian Literature: a bio- bibliographical survey, London 1927- Survey of Persian Art = ed. by A. U. Pope, Oxford 1938 Suter = H, Suter, Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke, Leipzig 1900 SuyutI, Bughya = Bughyat al-Wu'dt, Cairo 1326 TA = Muhammad Murtada b. Muhammad al-Zabldl, Tddi al-^Arus fabari = Ta'rikh al-Rusul wa 'l-Muluk, ed. M. J. De Goeje and others, Leiden 1879-1901 Taeschner, Wegenetz = Franz Taeschner, Die Verkehrs- lage und das Wegenetz Anatoliens im Wandel der Zeiten, Gotha 1926 Ta'rikh Baghdad = al-Kiatlb al-Baghdadl, Ta'rikh Baghdad, 14 vols., Cairo 1349/1931. Ta*rikh Dimashb = Ibn cAsakir, Ta'rikh Dimashb, 7 vols., Damascus 1329-51/1911-31 Ta*rikh-i Guzida = Hamd AUah Mustawfl al-Kaz- wlnl, Ta*rikh-i Guzida, ed. in facsimile by E. G. Browne, Leiden-London 1910 Thaealibl, Yatima = Yatimat al-Dahr fi Majtdsin Ahl al-'A$r, Damascus 1304 Tomaschek = W. Tomaschek, Zur historischen Topo- graphie von Kleinasien im Mittelalter, Vienna 1891. Weil, Chalifen = G. Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen, Mannheim-Stuttgart 1846-82 Wensinck, Handbook = A. J. Wensinck, A Hand- book of Early Muhammadan Tradition, Leiden 1927 Yackubl = Ta'rikh, ed. M. Th. Houtsma, Leiden 1883 Yackubi, Bulddn = ed. M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1892 (EGA VII) Yackubi-Wiet ==-- Ya'frubi. Les Pays, trad, par Gaston Wiet, Cairo 1937 Yafcut = Mu*diam al-Bulddnt ed. F. Wiistenfeld, Leipzig 1866-73 (anastatic reprint 1924) Yafcut, Udabd* = Irshdd al-Arib ild Ma*rifat al- Adlb, ed. D. S. Margoliouth, Leiden 1907-31 (GMS VI) Zambaur = E. de Zambaur, Manuel de genialogie et de chronologie pour Vhistoire de I'Islam, Hanover 1927 (anastatic reprint Bad Pyrmont 1955) Zinkeisen = J. Zinkeisen, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches in Europa, Gotha 1840-83 ABBREVIATED TITLES OF SOME OF THE MOST OFTEN QUOTED WORKS Sarkis = Sarkis, Mu^diam al-matbii'dt al-carabiyya, Cairo 1346/1928 Schwarz, Iran = P. Schwarz, Iran im Mittelalter nach den arabischen Geographen, Leipzig 1896- Shahrastanl = al-Milal wa 'l-Nifral, ed. W. Cureton, London 1846 Si&ill-i 'Othmdni = Mehmed Thiireyya, Sidiill-i C0thmdni, Istanbul 1308-1316 Snouck Hurgronje, Verspr. Geschr. = C. Snouck Hurgronje, Verspr-eide Geschriften, Bonn-Leipzig- Leiden 1923-27 Sources intdites = Comte Henry de Castries, Les Sources incites de VHistoire du Maroc, Premiere Serie, Paris [etc.] 1905 —, Deuxieme Serie, Paris 1922 — Spuler, Horde = B. Spuler, Die Goldene Horde, Leipzig 1943 Spuler, Iran = B. Spuler, Iran in fruh-islamischer Zeit, Wiesbaden 1952 Spuler, Mongolen * = B. Spuler, Die Mongolen in Irant 2nd ed., Berlin 1955 Storey = C. A. Storey, Persian Literature: a bio- bibliographical survey, London 1927- Survey of Persian Art = ed. by A. U. Pope, Oxford 1938 Suter = H, Suter, Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke, Leipzig 1900 SuyutI, Bughya = Bughyat al-Wu'dt, Cairo 1326 TA = Muhammad Murtada b. Muhammad al-Zabldl, Tddi al-^Arus fabari = Ta'rikh al-Rusul wa 'l-Muluk, ed. M. J. De Goeje and others, Leiden 1879-1901 Taeschner, Wegenetz = Franz Taeschner, Die Verkehrs- lage und das Wegenetz Anatoliens im Wandel der Zeiten, Gotha 1926 Ta'rikh Baghdad = al-Kiatlb al-Baghdadl, Ta'rikh Baghdad, 14 vols., Cairo 1349/1931. Ta*rikh Dimashb = Ibn cAsakir, Ta'rikh Dimashb, 7 vols., Damascus 1329-51/1911-31 Ta*rikh-i Guzida = Hamd AUah Mustawfl al-Kaz- wlnl, Ta*rikh-i Guzida, ed. in facsimile by E. G. Browne, Leiden-London 1910 Thaealibl, Yatima = Yatimat al-Dahr fi Majtdsin Ahl al-'A$r, Damascus 1304 Tomaschek = W. Tomaschek, Zur historischen Topo- graphie von Kleinasien im Mittelalter, Vienna 1891. Weil, Chalifen = G. Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen, Mannheim-Stuttgart 1846-82 Wensinck, Handbook = A. J. Wensinck, A Hand- book of Early Muhammadan Tradition, Leiden 1927 Yackubl = Ta'rikh, ed. M. Th. Houtsma, Leiden 1883 Yackubi, Bulddn = ed. M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1892 (EGA VII) Yackubi-Wiet ==-- Ya'frubi. Les Pays, trad, par Gaston Wiet, Cairo 1937 Yafcut = Mu*diam al-Bulddnt ed. F. Wiistenfeld, Leipzig 1866-73 (anastatic reprint 1924) Yafcut, Udabd* = Irshdd al-Arib ild Ma*rifat al- Adlb, ed. D. S. Margoliouth, Leiden 1907-31 (GMS VI) Zambaur = E. de Zambaur, Manuel de genialogie et de chronologie pour Vhistoire de I'Islam, Hanover 1927 (anastatic reprint Bad Pyrmont 1955) Zinkeisen = J. Zinkeisen, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches in Europa, Gotha 1840-83 X ABBREVIATIONS FOR PERIODICALS ETC. Abh. G. W. Gott. = Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. Abh. K. M. = Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes. Abh. Pr. Ah. W. — Abhandlungen der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Afr. Fr. = Bulletin du Comiti de VAfrique franfaise. AIEO Alger = Annales de VInstitut d*Etudes Orien- tates de VUniversity d*Alger. AIUON = Annali delV Istituto Universitario Orien- tate di Napoli. Anz. Wien = Anzeiger der [kaiserlichen] Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien. Philosophisch-historische Klasse. AO = Acta Orientalia. ArO = Archiv Orientdlni. ARW = Archiv fur Religionswissenschaft. ASI = Archaeological Survey of India. AS I, NIS = ditto, New Imperial Series. ASI, AR — ditto, Annual Reports. AVDTCFD = Ankara Universitesi DU ve Tarih- Cografya Fakultesi Dergisi. BAH = Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana. BASOR = Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Belleten = Belleten (of Turk Tarih Kurumu) BFac. Ar. = Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts of the Egyptian University. B£t. Or. = Bulletin d'Etudes Orientates de VInstitut Francais de Damas. EGA = Bibliotheca geographorum arabicorum. BIE = Bulletin de VInstitut d'figypte. BIFAO = Bulletin de VInstitut Francais tf ArcUologie Orientale du Caire. BRAH = Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia de Espana. BSE = Bol'shaya Sovetskaya £ntsiklopediya (Large Soviet Encyclopaedia) ist ed. BSE* = the same, 2nd ed. BSL[P] = Bulletin de laSocieU de Linguistique de Paris. BSO[A]S = Bulletin of the School of Oriental [and African] Studies. BTLV = Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volken- kunde [van Nederlandsch-Indie]. BZ = Byzantinische Zeitschrift. COC = Cahiers de VOrient contemporain. CT = Cahiers de Tunisie. El1 = Encyclopaedia of Islam, Ist edition. EIM =• Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica. ERE = Encyclopaedia of Religions and Ethics. GGA = Gottinger Gelehrte Anzeigen. GMS = Gibb Memorial Series. Gr. I. Ph. — Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie. IA = Isldm Ansiklopedisi. IB LA = Revue de VInstitut des Belles Lettres Arabes, Tunis. 1C = Islamic Culture. IFD = Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi. IHQ = Indian Historical Quarterly. IQ = The Islamic Quarterly. Isl. — Der Islam. JA — Journal Asiatique. JAfr. S = Journal of the African Society. JAOS = Journal of the American Oriental Society. JAnthr. I = Journal of the Anthropological Institute. JBBRAS = Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. JE — Jewish Encyclopaedia. JESHO = Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. J[R]Num. S. = Journal of the [Royal] Numismatic Society. JNES — Journal of Near Eastern Studies. JPak. H. S. = Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. JPHS = Journal of the Punjab Historical Society. JQR = Jewish Quarterly Review. JRAS = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. J[R]ASB = Journal and Proceedings of the [Royal] Asiatic Society of Bengal. JRGeog. S. = Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. JSFO = Journal de la Societe Finno-ougrienne. JSS = Journal of Semitic Studies. KCA = Korosi Csoma Archivum. KS = Keleti Szemle (Oriental Review). KSIE = Kratkie Soobshteniya Instituta £tnografiy (Short communications of the Institute of Ethnography). LE = Literaturnaya £ntsiklopediya_ (Literary Ency- clopaedia). MDOG = Mitteillungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesell- schaft. MDPV — Mitteilungen und Nachrichten des Deutschen Paldstina- Vereins. ME A = Middle Eastern Affairs. ME] = Middle East Journal. MFOB = Melanges de la Faculte Orientale de I'Universite St. Joseph de Beyrouth. MGMN = Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften. MGWJ = Monatsschriftfiir die Geschichte und Wissen- schaft des Judentums. MI DEO == Melanges de VInstitut Dominicain d'Etudes Orientates du Caire. MIE = Mtmoires de VInstitut d'£gypte. MIFA O = M ^moires publics par les membres de VIn- stitut Francais d'Archtologie Orientale du Caire. MMAF = Me"moires de la Mission Archtologique Franfaise au Caire. MMIA = Madiallat al-Madima< al-cllmi al-*Arabi, Damascus. MO = Le Monde oriental. MOG = Mitteilungen zur osmanischen Geschichte. MSE = Malaya Sovetskaya £ntsiklopediya (Small Soviet Encyclopaedia). MSFO = Mtmoires de la Sociiti Finno-ougrienne. MSL[P] = Mtmoires de la Soci&tt Linguistique de Paris. MSOS Afr. = Mitteilungen des Seminars fiir Orien- talische Sprachen, Afrikanische Studien. MSOS As. = Mitteilungen des Seminars fiir Orien- talische Sprachen, Westasiatische Studien. MTM = Milli Tetebbtfler Medimu'asl. MW = The Muslim World. NC = Numismatic Chronicle. NGWGott. = Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. OC = Oriens Christianus. XII ABBREVIATIONS OLZ = Orientalistische Liter aturzeitung. OM = Oriente Moderno. PEFQS = Palestine Exploration Fund. Quarterly Statement. Pet. Mitt. = Petermanns Mitteilungen. QDAP = Quarterly Statement of the Department of Antiquities of Palestine. RAfr. = Revue Africaine. RCEA — Repertoire chronologique d'£pigraphie arabe. REJ = Revue des Etudes Juives. Rend. Lin. = Rendiconti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filolo- giche. REI = Revue des Etudes Islamiques. RHR = Revue de VHistoire des Religions. RIM A = Revue de rinstitut des Manuscrits Arabes. RMM = Revue du Monde Musulman. RO = Rocznik Orientalistyczny. ROC = Revue de VOrient Chretien. ROL = Revue de VOrient Latin. RSO = Rivista degli studi orientali. RT = Revue Tunisienne. SBAk. Heid. = Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Aka- demie der Wissenschaften. SBAk. Wien = Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien. SBBayr. Ak. = Sitzungsberichte der Bayrischen Aka- demie der Wissenschaften. SBPMS Erlg. — Sitzungsberichte der Physikalisch- medizinischen Sozietdt in Erlangen. SBPr. Ak. W. — Sitzungsberichte der preussischen A kademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. SE = Sovetskaya Etnografiya_ (Soviet Ethnography). SO = Sovetskoe Vostokovedenie (Soviet Orientalism). Stud. Isl. = Studia Islamica. S.Ya. — Sovetskoe Yazlkoznanie (Soviet Linguistics). TBG = Tijdschrift van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. TD = Tarih Dergisi. TIE = Trudl instituta ttnogmjiy (Works of the Institute of Ethnography). TM = Turkiyat Mecmuasi. TOEM = Ta'rikh-i 'Othmdni (Turk Ta'rikhi) En- diilmeni med/jmu^asl. Verh. Ak. Amst. = Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. Versl. Med. Ak. Amst. = Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. VI = Voprosi Istoriy (Historical Problems). WI = Die Welt des Islams. WIn.s. — ibid., new series. Wiss. Veroff. DOG = fVissenschaftliche Veroffent- lichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft. WZKM = Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes. ZA = Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie. ZATW = Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissen- schaft. ZDMG = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenldndischen Gesellschaft. ZDPV = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Paldstinavereins. ZGErdk. Birl. = Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur Erd- kunde in Berlin. ZS = Zeitschrift fur Semitistik. LIST OF TRANSLITERATIONS SYSTEM OF TRANSLITERATION OF ARABIC CHARACTERS: Consonants Long Vowels Diphthongs t , (except 5 z vJJ * <j= I a 3 _ aw when mitial) ' ^ -^ V b (J* s ^ 5 k ^ u (^_c - ay O * L£ sh j 1 Wf ! ^ - ^ ? r m _L iyy (final form I) g di D^ 4 o n SA°^ r°^/S £ h i t « h _i- a ^ uww (final form u) ^ k h J o * ^ w _ L . u O d £ c ^ y — i o dfe £ sfe , r O f » a; at (construct state) jf (article), al- and 31- (even before the antero-palatals) PERSIAN, TURKISH AND URDU ADDITIONS TO THE ARABIC ALPHABET: V P 3 & ^ t j f 5 ^J or v^T g (sometimes n in Turkish) x " js d Additional vowels: a) Turkish: e, I, o, 6, ii. Diacritical signs proper to Arabic are, in principle, not used in words of Turkish etymology. b) Urdu: e, 6. For modern Turkish, the official orthography adopted by the Turkish Republic in 1928 is used. The following letters may be noted: c = di g = gh j = z h k = k and fc t = t and t c = 5 h = h, h and kh ? = s h s = s, s and th z = z, ?, d and dh SYSTEM OF TRANSLITERATION OF CYRILLIC CHARACTERS: a a e e K k n p 4 * * ^ sh6 10 y u 6 b > K i ^ 1 p r X k h b l i q ya B V 3 z M m c s U l s b 5 t 6 r g H i H n T t H ^ T > c A d H V o o y u i i i g h a e ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA P. ia, CABABDA, 1. 6 read limit. P. 2b, read ABAKA. P. 3, ABARKUBADH. Bibliography, add: G. C. Miles, Abarqubddh, A new Umayyad Mint, in American Numism. Soc. Museum Notes IV, 1952, 115-120. P. 7b, 1. 4 from below, for shahi-sewen read shah-seven. P. 8b, CABBAS I, add to the bibliography: Nasr Allah Falsafi, Zindagdni-yi Shah cAbbds-i Awwal, Tehran 1953—; Miguel Asin Palacios, Comentario de Don Garcia de Silva y Figueroa de la embajada que de parte del Roy de Espana don Felippe III hizo al Rey Xa Abas de Persia, Madrid 1928; N. D. Miklucho-Maclay, K voprosu o nalagovoy politike v Irane pri Shakhe Abbase I . . ., in Sovetskoe Vostokovedenie, vi (1949), 348-55; E. Kiihnel, Han *Alam und die Diplomat: Bez. zw. Gahdngir und Schah 'Abbas, in ZDMG xcvi (1942), 171-86. P. 13*, 1. 18, for cAbbas Hilmi I read cAbbas I. P. 2ib, 1. 56, read A. H. 467 al-Muktadi. P. 41% 1. 29, for 68/686-8 read 68/687-8. P. 45», 1. 26, for by al-Zubayr read by cAbd Allah b. al-Zubayr. P. 47, CABD ALLAH B. AL-HUSAYN, Bibliography, add: M. Khadduri, Fertile Crescent Unity, in R. N. Frye, ed., The Near East and the Great Powers, Cambridge (Mass.) 1951, 137-177. P« 57b> !• 66, for Abu Hamara read Abu Himara. P. 57, add: CABD AL-cAz!z B. CABD AL-RAHMAN IBN AB! CAMIR [see CAMIRIDS]. add: CABD AL-cAziz B. ABI DULAF [see DULAFIDS]. P. 58*, €ABD AL-cAziz B. MARWAN, Bibliography, add: U. Rizzitano, *Abd al^Azlz b. Marwdn, governatore umayyade d'Egitto, in Rend. Lin., series iii, vol. ii, fasc. 5-6, 1947, 341-347. P. 58b, 1. 59, for 30 March read 30 May. P- 59a> I- 50, CABD AL-cAziz AL-DIHLAWI, read Shah. P. 60, add CABD AL-DJALIL ABU 'L-MAHASIN [see AL-DIHISTAN!]. add €ABD AL-GHAFFAR B. £ABD AL-KAR!M [see AL-KAZWIN!]. add €ABD AL-GHAFFAR AL-AKHRAS [see AL-AKHRAS]. CABD AL-HAKK B. SAYF AL-DIN, Bibliography, add: Kh. A. Nizaml, tfaydt Shaykh <Abd al-&aW Muhaddith Dihlawl, Dihli 1953. P. 6ia, 1. 46, after born Febr. 1852 add at Istanbul. P. 6ib, 1. 30, for in 1937 read on 12 April 1937 at Istanbul. P. 6ib, 1. 42, for Yadigar-i Harp read Yadgar-i Harb. P. 63b, 1. 7, for Wasif read Wasif. P. 63b, CABD AL-HAMID II, 1. 2, for 5th of 30 read 8th of 40. P. 63b, 1. 10 from below, for former read later. P. 64*, 1. 42, for amedii read ameddii. P. 64b, 1. 42, for 1894 read 1889. P. 65, Bibliography, last line, for 1343 read 1943. P. 71, add CABD AL-KAR!M B. CADJARRAD [see IBN CADJARRAD]. P. 72b, 1. 30, for Pa'inda read Payanda. P. 75b, 1. 15, after son of cAbd al-cAziz [q.v.] add born 30 May 1868. P. 76, add CABD AL-MALIK B. HISHAM [see IBN HISHAM]. P. 78, add CABD AL-MALIK B. ZUHR [see IBN ZUHR]. P. 80, add €ABD AL-RAHIM B. CALI [see AL-KADI AL-FADIL]. CABD AL-RAH!M B. MUHAMMAD [see IBN NUBATA]. P. 91, add £ABD AL-SALAM B. AHMAD [see IBN GHANIM], P. 9ib, in Bibliography, for Kumushakhanawl read Gumiish-khanewl. P. 97a, £ABD! EFFENDI, 1. 4, for 1764 read 1774. P. i02b, 1. 24, art. ABRAHA, for 640-650 A.D. read 540-550 A.D.. P. iO3a, 1. 20, after idem, le Muston, 1953, 339-42, add idem, La persecution des chr&iens himyarites au sixieme siecle, Istanbul 1956. P. iosb, 1. 42, for al-ka$ar al-Misrl read al-fcu(r al-Misrl. P. 108, ABU *L-CAYNA'. Bibliography, add Djahiz, Hayawdn*, index; cAskalanI, Lisdn al-mizdn, v, 344-46; Safadi, Himydn, 265; Ch. Pellat, in RSO, 1952, 66. P. 109% 1. 8, from below, for 1136/1273 read 1136/1724. P. io9a, 1. 4, from below, for 1133/1729 read 1004/1596. P. I09a, 1. 3, from below, for cUthman III read cUthman II. P. inb, 1. 66, for Nahar*11 read Nahar*n. P. H7a, 1. 27, for al-Kahtani read al-Kahtani. P. H7b, 1. 15, read Akbar ndma, iii. P. n8b, 1. 30, after Nadjaf 1353, add and Cairo 1368/1949. 1. 63, for 'Hamah read Hamah. P. H9a, 1. 40, for Takwln read Takwlm. ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA XV P. 123, ABU HANIFA. F. Rosenthal points out that the name of the grandfather (Zwty or Zwtrh) corresponds to the Aramaic word for "small"; Abu Hanifa was therefore probably of local, Aramaean descent. P. 125, ABU HATIM YUSUF B. MUHAMMAD. [See RUSTUMIDS]. P. 126*, 1. 36, lor al-Makdisi read al-Mukaddasi. P. I4ib, 1. 72, for ("the man with green spectacles") read ("the man with blue spectacles"). P. 142, ABU NADDARA. Bibliography: add Ibrahim cAbduh, Abu Nadddra, Cairo 1953. P. i43b, 1. 9, ABU NUWAS, for (d. 198/873) read (d. 198/813). P. 143*, 1. 35, for al-Khatib read al-Khasib. P. i44b, ABU NUWAS, add to bibliography: E. Wagner, Der Vberlieferung des Abu Nuwds-Diwdn, Wiesbaden 1958. P. i46a, 1. i, for ba read ba. P. i47b, ABU SACID B. ABI 'L-KHAYR, add to bibliography: Muhammad b. Munawwar . . . MaykhanI, Asrdr fi 'l-tawhid fi Makdmdt al-Shaykh Abi Sa'id, ed. Dhablh Allah Safa, Tehran 1332 S./I954. P. 163, ABU YAZID AL-BISTAMI. Bibliography: add H. Ritter, Die Ausspruche des Bayezid Bisjdml, in: Westostliche Abhandlungen Rudolf Tschudi . . . uberreicht, Wiesbaden 1954, 231-43. P. 182*, 1. 10, for zaman read zaman. P. 183*, 1. 9, for Brouquiere read Brocquiere. P. 184*, AD AN A, add to bibliography: see also map of Adana in Nazim Tarhan and Aziz Arsan, Tarihte Adana, Adana ca. 1954, new ed. "Turistik Adana" ca. 1957. P. i87b, 1. 48 read 1748, fasc. Ill, 95 f. P. i87b, €ADHAB AL-KABR, add to the bibliography: Ibn Kayyim al-Djawziyya, al-Risdla al-Kabriyya fi Jl-Radd <-ala Munkirl 'Adhdb al-Kabr, in Madimu'at Sitt Rasd'il, Cairo and Kadiyan, n.d. P. 188, ADHAN. Bibliography: add Wensinck, Mohammed en de Joden te Medina, 127 ff. (French transl. in RAfr., 1954, 96 ff.)- P. 190*, 1. 5, for 1728 read 1729-30. P. 194*, ADHAR!, add to Bibliography: Przeglad Orientalistyczny 1956/1 (17), 86 ff. P. i99b, ADIYAMAN, 1. 2, for Hiisniimansur read Hismmansur. P. 20ib, 1. 41, for 365/972 read 365/976. P. 2O7b, AL^ADJDJADJ, 1. 5, for 97/H5 read 97/716. P. 209*, 1. 68, add The seat of an administrative tribunal is therefore often called ddr al-cadl. P. 2iib, 1. 5, for 338/944 read 338/949- P. 214*, 1. 48, add On the Musta'ini of Ibn Biklarish, see Renaud, in Hesp., 1930, 135 ff. P. 2i4b, 1. 23, add On the Takwim al-Adwiya of al-cAlacI, see Renaud, in Hesp., 1933, 69 ff. P. 2i5a, 1. 15 for Bahra3 read Bahra3. 1. 65 for SHANANSHAN read SHAHANSHAH. P. 224, AFGHANISTAN, (ii) ETHNOGRAPHY. Bibliography: add Iwamura Sh. and H. F. Schurman, Notes on Mongolian Groups in Afghanistan, Silver Jubilee volume of Zinbun-kagaku-Kenkyusho, Kyoto Univ. 1954, 480-515 (includes linguistic texts). P. 225, AFGHANISTAN, (iv) RELIGION. Bibliography: add W. Jackson and L. H. Gray, in ERE, s.v. Afghanistan, i, 158, 160; N. Slousch, Les Juifs en Afghanistan, RMM, 1908, 502 ff.; M. Akram, Bibliographic analytique de 1'Afghanistan, i, Paris 1947. P. 228*, 1. 7, from below, for Ghazna read Kabul. P. 228b, 1. 9, from below, for 1003/1621 read 1003/1595. P. 234*, AFLAKI, at end, change full stop to comma and add by Tahsin Yazici, 2 vols., 1953-5. P. 244*, 1. 34, for Persians read Akkoyunlus. P. 244*, AFYUN KARA HISAR, add after line 50: Kara Hisar formerly owed some of its importance to being a junction of the caravan routes between Izmir and the commercial centres in the interior (Ankara, Kayseri, Tolot, etc.) on the one hand, and between Constantinople, or rather Scutari (Uskiidar), and Syria on the other: see F. Taeschner, Das anatolische Wegenetz nach osmanischen Quellen, i, Leipzig 1924, esp. 127; more recently it has become an important railway junction on the Izmir- Kasaba and Anatolian systems. P. 249b, 1. 49, read Djabriyya. P. 25oa, 1. 21, add Ibrahim Shabbuh, in Revue de rinstitut des Manuscrits Arabes, 1956, 339 ff. 1. 30, read 148/765. P. 257a, 1. 29, read of the brother of cAd. P. 267b, AHMAD I, 1. 4, for 22 January read 22 December. P. 268a, AHMAD II, 1. 4, for Rashid read Rashid. P. 268b, Bibliography, 1. i, for Rashid read Rashid. P. 268b, AHMAD III, 1. 4, for 21 August read 23 August. P. 268b, 1. 35, for Kopriilu read Kopriilii-zade. P. 277b, AHMAD B. HANBAL, add to bibliography: H. Laoust, Les premieres professions de foi hanbalites, in Melanges Massignon, iii/i957, 7-36. P. 279a, 1. 29, for as a magistrate in the Native Courts read as a kadi in the Shari'a Courts. P. 287b, 1. 32, read in 1891, and his memoirs appeared under the title. P. 3o6b, 1. 32 and 33 from below, read the early Middle Ages. P. 311, heading, for Ak Kirman read Ak Kirman-Ak Koyunlu. P. 312, heading, for Ak Kirman- read Ak Koyunlu-. P. 3i2a, Bibliography, for Inan£ read Yman9. P. 3i2a, AK KOYUNLU, add to bibliography: J. Aubin, Notes sur quelques documents Aq Qoytmlu, in M Manges Massignon, i/i956, 123-47. P- 3I3a, AK SHEHR, add to Bibliography: Ibrahim Hakki Konyali, Aksehir, Istanbul; Rifki Melul Meric, Aksehir Tiirbe ve Kitdbeleri, TM, v, Istanbul.

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