The Encyclopaedia of Islam A-B Vol 1 (Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition)

1423 Pages·1979·77.34 MB·English

by  Clifford Edmund Bosworth

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM
THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM
THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM
THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM

NEW EDITION

PREPARED BY A NUMBER OF
LEADING ORIENTALISTS

EDITED BY AN EDITORIAL COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF
H. A. R. GIBB, J. H. KRAMERS, E. LfiVI-PROVENgAL, J. SCHACHT

ASSISTED BY S. M. STERN AS SECRETARY GENERAL (pp. 1-320)
B. LEWIS, CH. PELLAT AND J. SCHACHT

ASSISTED BY C. DUMONT AND R. M. SAVORY AS EDITORIAL SECRETARIES

(pp. 321-1359)

UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF
THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ACADEMIES

VOLUME I

A-B

PHOTOMECHANICAL REPRINT

LEIDEN
E. J. BRILL

1986

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Former and present members: A. ABEL, C. C. BERG, F. GABRIELI, E. GARC!A G6MEZ, H. A. R. GIBB, the late
J. H. KRAMERS, the late E. LEVI-PROVENCAL, [G. LEVI DELLA VIDA], B. LEWIS, [the late E. LITTMANN], H. MASSE,
G. C. MILES, H. S. NYBERG, R. PARET, CH. PELLAT, J. PEDERSEN, [the late N. W. POSTHUMUS], J. SCHACHT,
F. C. WIEDER

Former and present associated members: H. H. ABDUL WAHAB, the late A. ADNAN ADIVAR, HUSAIN DJAJADI-

NINGRAT, A. A. A. FYZEE, M. FUAD KOPRULU, IBRAHIM MADKOUR, KHALIL MARDAM BEY, NAJI AL-ASIL,

MUHAMMAD SHAFI, HASAN TAGHIZADE, E. TYAN

Former ana present honorary members: G. LEVI DELLA VIDA; the late E. LITTMANN

ON THE COMPLETION OF THE FIRST VOLUME OF THE NEW EDITION OF THE
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM, THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE PAYS HOMAGE TO THE
MEMORY OF J. H. KRAMERS AND E. LfiVI-PROVEN£AL, MEMBERS OF THE
EXECUTIVE AND OF THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEES, DECEASED IN 1951 AND
IN 1956 RESPECTIVELY.

ist edition 1960
reprinted 1967
reprinted 1979

ISBN 90 04 08114 3

Copyright 1960 by E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated
in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without
written permission from the Editors

PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME

Names in square brackets in this list are those of authors of articles reprinted or revised from the first
edition of this Encyclopaedia or from the Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam.
An asterisk after the name of the author denotes those articles reprinted from the first edition which have
been brought up to date by the Editorial Committee; where an article has been revised by a second author his
name appears within square brackets at the end of the article after the name of the original author.

M. ABDUL HAI, University of Dacca.
H. H. ABDUL WAHAB, Tunis.
A. ABEL, University of Brussels.
A. ADAM, Institut des Hautes-fitudes Marocaines,
Rabat.
the late A. ADNAN ADIVAR, Istanbul.
F. R. ALLCHIN, University of Cambridge.
R. ANHEGGER, Istanbul.
W. 'ARAFAT, University of London.
R. R. ARAT, University of Istanbul.
A. J. ARBERRY, University of Cambridge.
[C. VAN ARENDONK, Leiden].
E. ASHTOR, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
J. AUBIN, Institut Fran£ais, Teheran.
G. AWAD, Baghdad.
D. AYALON, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
FR. BABINGER, University of Munich.
F. BAJRAKTAREVIC", University of Belgrade.
J. M. S. BALJON Jr., Blankenham, Netherlands. -
[W. BARTHOLD, Leningrad].
[H. BASSET, Rabat].
[R. BASSET, Algiers].
A. BAUSANI, Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples.
M. CAVID BAYSUN, University of Istanbul.
L. BAZIN, ficole des Langues orientales, Paris.
A. S. BAZMEE ANSARI, Karachi.
S. DE BEAURECUEIL, Cairo.
[C. H. BECKER, Berlin].
C. F. BECKINGHAM, University of Manchester.
A. F. L. BEESTON, University of Oxford.
[A. BEL, Tlemcen].
N. BELDICEANU, Paris.
[M. BEN CHENEB, Algiers].
A. BENNIGSEN, Paris.
C. C. BERG, University of Leiden.
S. VAN DEN BERGH, London.
J. BERQUE, College de France, Paris.
W. BJORKMAN, Uppsala.
R. BLACHERE, University of Paris.
[J. F. BLUMHARDT, London].
[Tj. DE BOER, Amsterdam].
D. J. BOILOT, Cairo.
S. A. BONEBAKKER, University of Leiden.
C. E. BOSWORTH, University of St. Andrews.
G.-H. BOUSQUET, University of Algiers.
the late H. BOWEN, University of London.
J. A. BOYLE, University of Manchester.
H. W. BRANDS, Fulda.
W. BRAUNE, Free University of Berlin.
[C. BROCKELMANN, Halle],
R. BRUNSCHVIG, University of Paris.
[F. BUHL, Copenhagen].
J. BURTON-PAGE, University of London.
A. CAFEROGLU, University of Istanbul.
CL. CAHEN, University of Paris.
M. CANARD, University of Algiers.
R. CAPOT-REY, University of Algiers.
[B. CARRA DE VAUX, Paris].
Mmc H. CARRERE D'ENCAUSSE, Paris.

W. CASKEL, University of Cologne.
E. CERULLI, Rome.
M. CHAILLEY, Bamako.
CHAFIK CHEHATA, University of Cairo.
G. L. M. CLAUSON, London.
G. S. COLIN, ficole des Langues Orientales, Paris.
M. COLOMBE, ficole des Langues Orientales, Paris.
C. S. COON, University of Pennsylvania.
PH. DE COSSE-BRISSAC, Paris.
N. J. COULSON, University of London.
[A. COUR, Constantine].
K. A. C. CRESWELL, American University, Cairo.
M. CRUZ HERNANDEZ, University of Salamanca.
A. H. DANI, University of Dacca.
J. DAVID-WEILL, licole du Louvre, Paris.
C. COLLIN DAVIES, University of Oxford.
A. DECEI, University of Istanbul.
J. DENY, ficole des Langues Orientales, Paris.
J. DESPOIS, University of Paris.
A. DIETRICH, University of Gottingen.
B. DJURDJEV, University of Sarajevo.
J. DRESCH, University of Paris.
C. E. DUBLER, University of Zurich.
H. W. DUDA, University of Vienna.
D. M. DUNLOP, University of Cambridge.
A. A. DURI, University of Baghdad.
SALEH A. EL-ALI, University of Baghdad.
J. ELFENBEIN, London.
C. ELGOOD, El-Obeid, Sudan.
N. ELISSEEFF, Institut Francais, Damascus.
M. EMERIT, University of Algiers.
M. ENAMUL HAQ, Bengali Academy, Dacca.
R. ETTINGHAUSEN, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington.
H. G. FARMER, Glasgow.
J. FAUBLEE, ficole des Langues orientales, Paris.
L. FEKETE, University of Budapest.
H. FLEISCH, Universite St.-Joseph, Beirut.
R. N. FRYE, Harvard University.
J. W. FUCK, University of Halle.
A. A. A. FYZEE, University of Jammu and Kashmir.
F. GABRIELI, University of Rome.
L. GALAND, ficole des Langues orientales, Paris.
Mme P. GALAND-PERNET. Paris.
E. GARCIA G6MEZ, University of Madrid.
L. GARDET, Paris.
C. L. GEDDES. American University, Cairo.
R. GHIRSHMAN, Institut Francais, Teheran.
M. A. GHUL, University of St. Andrews.
H. A. R. GIBB, Harvard University.
[F. GIESE, Breslau].
S. GLAZER, Washington.
H. W. GLIDDEN, Washington.
N. GLUECK, Cincinnati.
S. D. GOITEIN, University of Pennsylvania.
M. TAYYIB GOKBILGIN, University of Istanbul.
[I. GOLDZIHER, Budapest].
H. L. GOTTSCHALK, University of Vienna.
E. GRAF, University of Cologne.
A. GROHMANN, University of Cairo.

VI
AUTHORS

A. GUILLAUME, University of London.
|
MOHAMMAD HABIB, Muslim University, Aligarh.
G. LANKESTER HARDING, Amman.
[A. HAFFNER, Vienna].
P. HARDY, University of London.
J. B. HARRISON, School of Oriental and African
Studies, London.
[R. HARTMANN, Deutsche Akademie, Berlin].
W. HARTNER, University of Frankfurt.
L. P. HARVEY, Oxford.
R. L. HEADLEY, Dhahran.
[J. HELL, Erlangen].
[B. HELLER, Budapest].
[E. HERZFELD, Chicago].
U. HEYD, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
R. L. HILL, University of Durham.
S. HILLELSON, London.
HILMY AHMAD, University of Cairo.
M. G. S. HODGSON, University of Chicago.
W. HOENERBACH,
University of California, Los
Angeles.
P. M. HOLT, University of London.
[E. HONIGMANN, Brussels].
[P. HORN, Strasbourg].
[J. HOROVITZ, Frankfurt].
F. HOURS, Beirut.
[M. TH. HOUTSMA, Utrecht].
I/HRBEK, Oriental Institute, Prague.
[CL. HUART, Paris].
A. HUICI MIRANDA, Valencia.
A. J. W. HUISMAN, Leiden.
G. W. B. HUNTINGFORD, University of London.
H. R. IDRIS, University of Algiers.
HALIL INALCIK, University of Ankara.
SH. IN AYATULLAH, University of the Pan jab, Lahore.
[W. IRVINE].
FAHIR Iz, University of Istanbul.
the late A. JEFFERY, Columbia University, New York.
J. JOMIER, Cairo.
J. M. B. JONES, School of Oriental and African
Studies, London.
[TH. W. JUYNBOLL, Utrecht].
E. Z. KARAL, University of Ankara.
IRFAN KAWAR, University of California, Los Angeles.
the late R. A. KERN, University of Leiden.
M. KHALAFALLAH, University of Alexandria.
W. A. S. KHALIDI, American University, Beirut.
H. KINDERMANN, University of Cologne.
H. J. KISSLING, University of Munich.
M. J. KISTER, Haifa.
L. KOPF, Jerusalem.
M. FUAD KOPRULU, Ankara.
[T. KOWALSKI, Cracow].
J. KRAEMER, University of Erlangen.
R. F. KREUTEL, Vienna.
KASIM KUFREVI, Ankara.
E. KOHNEL, Free University of Berlin.
E. KURAN, Istanbul.
F. KUSSMAUL, Stuttgart.
Miss A. K. S. LAMBTON, University of London.
C. J. LAMM, Oregrund, Sweden.
[H. LAMMENS, Beirut].
J. M. LANDAU, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
D. M. LANG, University of London.
H. LAOUST, College de France, Paris.
J. D. LATHAM, University of Manchester.
J. LECERF, £cole des Langues orientales, Paris.
Mme CH. LE CGEUR, Paris.
R. LE TOURNEAU, University of Aix-Marseilles.
the late E. LEVI-PROVENCAL, University of Paris.
R. LEVY, University of Cambridge.
T. LEWICKI, University of Cracow.

B. LEWIN, University of Gothenburg.
B. LEWIS, University of London.
G. L. LEWIS, University of Oxford.
I. M. LEWIS, Hargeisa, Somaliland.
the late E. LITTMANN, University of Tubingen.
L. LOCKHART, University of Cambridge.
O. LOFGREN, University of Uppsala.
SH. T. LOKHANDWALLA, University of Edinburgh.
F. LOKKEGAARD, University of Copenhagen.
S. H. LONGRIGG, London.
[M. LONGWORTH DAMES, Guildford].
H. Louis, University of Munich.
R. J. MCCARTHY, Al-Hikma University, Baghdad.
[D. B. MACDONALD, Hartford, Conn.]
D. N. MACKENZIE, School of Oriental and African
Studies, London.
A. J. MANGO, London.
S. E. MANN, University of London.
R. MANTRAN, University of Tunis.
S. MAQBUL AHMAD, Muslim University, Aligarh.
G. MARCAIS, University of Algiers.
PH. MARCAIS, University of Algiers.
the late W. MARCAIS, College de France, Paris.
[D. S. MARGOLIOUTH, Oxford].
M" E. MARIN, New York.
H. MASSE, ficole des Langues orientales, Paris.
L. MASSIGNON, College de France, Paris.
C. D. MATTHEWS, Dhahran.
F. MEIER, University of Basle.
Mme I. MELIKOFF, Paris.
V. MELKONIAN, Basra..
V. L. MENAGE, School of Oriental and African Studies,
London.
G. MEREDITH-OWENS, British Museum, London.
[M. MEYERHOF, Cairo].
G. C. MILES, New York.
J. M. MiLLAs, University of Barcelona.
V. MINORSKY, University of London.
[E. MITTWOCH, London].
[J. H. MORDTMANN, Berlin].
G. MORGENSTIERNE, University of Oslo.
S. MOSCATI, University of Rome.
[A. DE MOTYLINSKI, Constantine].
H. C. MUELLER, Dhahran.
W. E. MULLIGAN, Dhahran.
the late S. F. NADEL, Australian National University,
Canberra.
ALBERT N. NADER, Beirut.
SAID NAFICY, University of Teheran.
[C. A. NALLINO, Rome].
Mlle M. NALLINO, University of Rome.
B. NIKITINE, Paris.
K. A. NIZAMI, Muslim University, Aligarh.
M. NIZAMUDDIN, Osmania University, Hyderabad.
J. NOORDUYN, Oegstgeest, Netherlands.
S. NURUL HASAN, Muslim University, Aligarh.
H. S. NYBERG, University of Uppsala.
[C. A. VAN OPHUYZEN, Leiden].
S. D'OTTON LOYEWSKI, Paris.
R. PARET, University of Tubingen.
V. J. PARRY, School of Oriental and African Studies,
London.
J. D. PEARSON, School of Oriental and African Stu-
dies, London.
J. PEDERSEN, University of Copenhagen.
CH. PELLAT, University of Paris.
H. PERES, University of Algiers.
K. PETRA£EK, University of Prague.
A. J. PIEKAAR, The Hague.
R. PINDER-WILSON, British Museum, London.
S. PINES, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
M. PLESSNER, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.

AUTHORS
VII

W. POPPER, University of California, Berkeley.
J. PRINS, University of Utrecht.
O. PRITSAK, University of Hamburg.
Mlle CH. QUELQUEJAY, Paris.
C. RABIN, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
F. RAHMAN, McGill University, Montreal.
[H. RECKENDORF, Freiburg i. Br.].
H. A. REED, Moorestown, N. J., U.S.A.
G. RENTZ, Dhahran.
[N. RHODOKANAKIS, Graz.].
R. RICARD, University of Paris.
J. RIKABI, University of Damascus
H. RITTER, University of Frankfurt.
J. ROB SON, University of Manchester.
M. RODINSON, ficole des Hautes Etudes, Paris.
F. ROSENTHAL, Yale University.
the late E. Rossi, University of Rome.
R.
RUBINACCI, Istituto Universitario Orientale,
Naples.
[J. RUSKA, Heidelberg].
A. J. RUSTUM, University of Beirut.
J. RYPKA, University of Prague.
CH. SAMARAN, Institut des Hautes Etudes, Tunis.
T. SARNELLI, Rome.
R. M. SAVORY, School of Oriental and African Studies,
London.
[A. SCHAADE, Hamburg].
J. SCHACHT, Columbia University, New York.
[J. SCHLEIFER].
[M. SCHMITZ].
BEDI N. §EHSUVARo6LU, University of Istanbul.
[M. SELIGSOHN].
[C. F. SEYBOLD, Tubingen].
MUHAMMED SHAFI, University of the Panjab, Lahore.
STANFORD J. SHAW, Harvard University.
G. E. SHAYYAL, University of Alexandria.
H. K. SHERWANI, Hyderabad, India.
D. Si NOR, University of Cambridge.
Miss MARGARET SMITH, London.
W. CANTWELL SMITH, McGill University, Montreal.
H. T. SORLEY, Salisbury, S. Rhodesia.
D. SOURDEL, Paris.
Mme J. SOURDEL-THOMINE, Ecole des Hautes Etudes,
Paris.
T. G. P. SPEAR, University of Cambridge.
B. SPULER, University of Hamburg.
S. M. STERN, University of Oxford.
[M. STRECK, Jena].

G. STRENZIOK, University of Cologne.
FARUK SUMER, University of Ankara.
[K. SUSSHEIM, Munich].
[H. SUTER, Zurich].
FR. TAESCHNER, University of Minister.
A. H. TANPINAR, University of Istanbul.
A. N. TARLAN, University of Istanbul.
H. TERRASSE, University of Algiers.
A. TIETZE, University of California, Los Angeles.
H. R. TINKER, University of London.
Z. V. TOGAN, University of Istanbul.
L. TORRES BALSAS, University of Madrid.
J. S. TRIMINGHAM, University of Glasgow.
A. S. TRITTON, University of London.
R. TSCHUDI, University of Basle.
E. TYAN, Faculty of Law, Beirut.
E. ULLENDORF, University of Manchester.
I. H. UzuN9ARSiLi, University of Istanbul.
G. VAJDA, Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Paris.
Mme L. VECCIA VAGLIERI, Istituto Universitario
Orientale, Naples.
J. VERNET, University of Barcelona.
F. Si VIDAL, Dhahran.
F. VIRE, Digne.
[K. VOLLERS, Jena].
G. E. VON GRUNEBAUM, University of California, Los
Angeles.
P. VOORHOEVE, Leiden.
E. WAGNER, Gottingen.
J. WALKER, British Museum, London.
J. WALSH, University of Edinburgh.
R. WALZER, University of Oxford.
W. MONTGOMERY WATT, University of Edinburgh.
H. WEHR, University of Erlangen.
the late G. WEIL, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
[A. J. WENSINCK, Leiden].
G. E. WHEELER, London.
C. E. J. WHITTING, London.
[E. WIEDEMANN, Erlangen].
G. WIET, College de France, Paris.
D. N. WILBER, Princeton, N.J., U.S.A.
H. VON WISSMANN, University of Tubingen.
YAR MUHAMMAD KHAN, University of Sind, Hyder-
abad, Pakistan.
[G. YVER, Algiers].
M. A. ZAKI BADAWI, University of Malaya.
the late ZAKY M. HASSAN, Cairo.
[K. V. ZETTERSTEEN, Uppsala].

ABBREVIATED TITLES
OF SOME OF THE MOST OFTEN QUOTED WORKS

Abu'l-Fida',
Takwim = Takwim
al-Bulddn,
ed.
J.-T. Reinaud and M. de Slane, Paris 1840
Abu'l-Fida*, Takwim, tr. = Geographic d'Aboulfeda,
traduite de Varabe en francais; vol. 1, II,
i by Reinaud, Paris 1848; vol. II, 2 by St.
Guyard, 1883
Aghdni1 or 2 or 3 = Abu'l-Faradj al-Isfahanl, al-
Aghdni; lBulak 1285; 2Cairo 1323; 'Cairo 1345-
Aghdni, Tables = Tables alphabetiques du Kitdb
al-aghdni, redig6es par I. Guidi, Leiden 1900
Aghdni, Brunnow = The XX 1st vol. of the Kitdb
al-Aghdni, ed. R. E. Brunnow, Leiden 1883
rAli Djawad = Mamdlik-i ^Othmdniyyenin ta?rikh
wa djughrdfiyd lughdti, Istanbul 1313-17/1895-9.
al-Anbari, Nuzha = Nuzhat al-Alibbd* fi
Tabakdt
al-Udaba3, Cairo 1294
cAwfi, Lubdb = Lubdb al-Albdb, ed. E. G. Browne,
London-Leiden 1903-1906
Babinger = F. Babinger, Die Geschichtsschreiber der
Osmanen und ihre Werke, ist ed., Leiden 1927
Baghdad!, Park = al-Fark bayn al-Firak, ed. Mu-
hammad Badr, Cairo 1328/1910
Baladhurl, Futuh = Futufr al-Bulddn, ed. M. J. de
Goeje, Leiden 1866
Baladhurl, Ansdb = Ansdb al-Ashrdf, iv, v, ed. M.
Schlossinger and S. D. F. Goitein, Jerusalem
1936-38
Barkan, Kanunlar — Cmer Lutn Barkan, XV ve
XVI inci Astrlarda Osmanh Imparatorlugunda
Zirai Ekonominin Hukuki ve Mali Esaslan, I.
Kanunlar, Istanbul 1943
Barthold, Turkestan = W. Barthold, Turkestan down
to the Mongol invasion, London 1928 (GMS,
N.S. V)
Barthold, Turkestan2 = the same, 2nd edition,
London 1958
Blachere, Litt. = R. Blachere, Histoire de la Litte-
rature arabe, i, Paris 1952
Brockelmann, I, II = C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der
Arabischen Literatur, zweite den Supplement-
banden angepasste Auflage, Leiden 1943-49
Brockelmann, S I, II, III = G. d. A. L., Erster
(Zweiter,
Dritter)
Supplementband,
Leiden
1937-42
Browne, i = E. G. Browne, A Literary History of
Persia, from the earliest times until Firdawsi,
London 1902
Browne, ii = A Literary History of Persia, from
Firdawsi to Sacdi, London 1908
Browne, iii = A History of Persian Literature under
Tartar Dominion, Cambridge 1920
Browne, iv = A History of Persian Literature in
Modern Times, Cambridge 1924
Caetani, Annali = L. Caetani, Annali dell'Islam,
Milano 1905-26
Chauvin, Bibliographic — V. Chauvin, Bibliographic
des ouvrages arabes et relatifs aux Arabes, Lille
1892
pabbi = Bughyat al-Multamis fi Ta'rikh Rid^dl Ahl
al-Andalust ed. F. Codera y J. Ribera, Madrid
1885 (BAH III)
Damlrl = Ifaydt
al-ffayawdn
(quoted according to
titles of articles)

Dawlatshah = Tadhkirat al-Shucard', ed. E. G.
Browne, London-Leiden 1901
Dhahabl, Huffdz = al-Dhahabl, Tadhkirat
al-Ifuffdz,
4 vols., Hyderabad 1315 H.
Djuwaynl = Td*rikh-i Djihdn-guska. ed. Muhammad
Kazwini, Leiden 1906-37 (GMS XVI)
Djuwaym-Boyle
=-- The History
of
the
World-
conqueror, by cAta-Malik Djuwaym, trans. J. A.
Boyle, 2 vols., Manchester 1958
Dozy, Notices = R. Dozy, Notices sur quelques
manuscrits arabes, Leiden 1847-51
Dozy, Recherches 3 = Recherches sur Vhistoire et la
litterature de I'Espagne pendant le moyen-dge,
third edition, Paris and Leiden 1881
Dozy, Suppl. = R. Dozy, Supplement aux diction-
naires arabes, Leiden 1881 (anastatic reprint
Leiden-Paris 1929)
Fagnan, Extraits = E. Fagnan, Extraits inedits re-
latifs au Maghreb, Alger 1924
Farhang = Razmara
and
Nawtash, Farhang-i
Diughrdfiyd-yi
Iran, Tehran 1949-1953
Fihrist = Ibn al-Nadlm, K. al-Fihrist, ed. G. Flugel,
Leipzig 1871-72
Firishta = Muhammad Kasim Firishta, Gulshan-i
Ibrdhlml, lith. Bombay 1832
Gesch. des Qor. = Th. Noldeke, Geschichte des Qordns,
new edition by F. Schwally, G. Bergstrasser and
O. Pretzl, 3 vols., Leipzig 1909-38
Gibb, Ottoman Poetry = E. J. W. Gibb, A History
of Ottoman Poetry, London 1900-09
Gibb-Bowen = H. A. R. Gibb and Harold Bowen,
Islamic Society and the West, London 1950-1957
Goldziher, Muh. St. = I. Goldziher, Muhammeda-
|
nische Studien, 2 vols., Halle 1888-90

I Goldziher, Vorlesungen = I. Goldziher, Vorlesungen
uber den Islam, Heidelberg 1910
Goldziher, Vorlesungen* — 2nded., Heidelberg 1925
Goldziher. Dogme = Le dogme et la loi de Vislam,
tr. F. Arin, Paris 1920
HadjdjI Khalifa, Diihdn-numd = Istanbul 1145/1732
Hadidji Khalifa = Kashf al-gunun, ed. §. Yaltkaya
and Kilisli Rifat Bilge, Istanbul 1941-43
Hadidii Khalifa, ed. Flugel = K. al-%., Leipzig
1835-58
Hamd Allah Mustawfi, Nuzha = Nuzhat al-Kulub,
ed. G. le Strange, Leiden 1913-19 (GMS XXIII)
Hamdanl = Sifat Diazirat al-'Arab, ed. D. H. MiiUer,
Leiden 1884-91
Hammer-Purgstall GOR = J. von Hammer(-Purg-
stall), Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, Pest
1828-35
Hammer-Purgstall GOR * = the same, 2nd ed. Pest
1840
Hammer-Purgstall, Histoire — the same, trans, by
J. J. Hellert, 18 vols., Bellizard [etc.], Paris
[etc.], 1835-43
Hammer-Purgstall, Staatsverfassung = J. von Ham-
mer, Des Osmanischen Reichs Staatsverfassung
und Staatsverwaltung, 2 vols., Vienna 1815
Houtsma, Recueil = M. Th. Houtsma, Recueil des
textes relatifs d Vhistoire des Seldjoucides, Leiden
1886-1902

ABBREVIATED TITLES OF SOME OF THE MOST OFTEN QUOTED WORKS
IX

ffudud al^Alam = The Regions of the World, transla-
ted by V. Minorsky, London 1937 (GMS, N.S. XI)
Ibn al-Abbar = K. Takmilat al-Sila, ed. F. Co-
dera, Madrid 1887-89 (BHA V-VI)
Ibn al-Athlr = K. al-Kdmil, ed. C. J. Tornberg,
Leiden 1851-76
Ibn al-Athlr, trad. Fagnan = Annales du Maghreb et
de I'Espagne, tr. E. Fagnan, Algiers 1901
Ibn Bashkuwal=^T. al-Sila fi Akhbdr A^immat al-
Andalus, ed. F. Codera, Madrid 1883 (BHA II)
Ibn Battuta = Voyages d'Ibn Batouta. Arabic text,
ed. and Fr. tr. by C. Defremery and B. R.
Sanguinetti, 4 vols., Paris 1853-58
Ibn al-Faklh = Mukhtasar K. al-Bulddn, ed. M. J.
De Goeje, Leiden 1886 (EGA V)
Ibn Hawkal = K. $urat al-Ard, ed. J. H. Kramers,
Leiden 1938-39 (BGA II, 2nd edition)
Ibn Hisham = Sira, ed. F. Wiistenfeld, Gottingen
1859-60
Ibn cldhari = K. al-Baydn al-Mughrib, ed. G. S.
Colin and E. Levi-Provencal, Leiden 1948-51;
vol. iii, ed. E. LeVi-Provencal, Paris 1930
Ibn al-clmad, Shadhardt = Shadhardt al-Dhahab fi
Akhbdr man dhahab, Cairo 1350-51 (quoted
according to years of obituaries)
Ibn Khaldun, 'Ibar = K. al-clbar wa-Diwdn al-
Mubtadd* wa-l-Khabar etc., Bulak 1284
Ibn Khaldun, Mukaddima — ProUgomenes
d'Ebn
Khaldoun, ed. E. Quatremere, Paris 1858-68
(Notices et Extraits XVI-XVIII)
Ibn Khaldun-Rosenthal = The Muqaddimah, trans.
from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal, 3 vols.,
London 1958
Ibn Khaldun-de Slane = Les prolegomenes d'Ibn
Khaldoun, traduits en frangais et commentes
par M. de Slane, Paris 1863-68 (anastatic reprint
1934-38)
Ibn Khallikan = Wafaydt al-A^ydn wa-Anbd* Abna*
al Zamdn, ed. F. Wiistenfeld, Gottingen 1835-50
(quoted after the numbers of biographies)
Ibn Khallikan, Bulak = the same, ed. Bulak 1275
Ibn Khallikan-de Slane = Kitdb Wafaydt
al-Acydn,
trans, by Baron MacGuckin de Slane, 4 vols.,
Paris 1842-1871
Ibn Khurradadhbih = al-Masdlik wa 'l-Mamdlik, ed.
M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1889 (BGA VI)
Ibn Kutayba, al-Shicr = Ibn Kutayba, Kitdb al-
Shi^r wa'l-Shu^ard, ed. De Goeje, Leiden 1900
Ibn Rusta = al-AHdk al-Nafisa, ed. M. J. De Goeje,
Leiden 1892 (BGA VII)
Ibn Rusta-Wiet = Les Atours precieux, traduction
de Gaston Wiet, Cairo 1955
Ibn Sacd = al-Tabakdt al-kubrd, ed. H. Sachau and
others, Leiden 1905-40
Ibn Taghrlbirdl = al-Nudjum al-Zdhira fi Muluk
Misr wa-l-Kdhira, ed. W. Popper, Berkeley-
Leiden 1908-1936
Ibn Taghrlbirdl, Cairo = the same, ed. Cairo 13486*.
Idrlsl, Maghrib = Description de I'Afrique
et de
I'Espagne, ed. R. Dozy and M. J. De Goeje, Leiden
1866
Idrisi-Jaubert = Geographic d'Edrisi, trad, de 1'arabe
en francais par P. Amedee Jaubert, 2 vols,
Paris 1836-40
I§takhrl =-• al-Masdlik wa 'l-Mamdlik, ed. M. J. De
Goeje, Leiden 1870 (BGA I) (and reprint 1927)
JuynboU, Handbuch = Th. W. JuynboU, Handbuch
des Isldmischen Gesetzes, Leiden 1910
Khwandam!r = ffabib al-Siyar, Tehran 1271
Kutubl, Fawdt = Ibn Shakir al-Kutubl, Fawdt al-
Wafaydt, Bulalj 1299

LA = Lisdn al-*Arab
Lane = E. W. Lane, An Arabic-English Lexicon,
London 1863-93 (reprint New York 1955-6)
Lane-Poole, Cat. = S. Lane-Poole, Catalogue of
Oriental Coins in the British Museum, 1877-90
Lavoix, Cat. = H. Lavoix, Catalogue des Monnaies
Musulmanes de la Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris
1887-96
Le Strange = G. Le Strange, The Lands of the
Eastern Caliphate, 2nd ed., Cambridge 1930
Le Strange, Baghdad, = G. Le Strange, Baghdad
during the Abbasid Caliphate, Oxford 1924.
Le Strange, Palestine = G. Le Strange, Palestine
under the Moslems, London 1890
LeVi-Provengal, Hist.Esp. Mus. — E. L6vi-Provencal,
Histoire de I'Espagne musulmant, nouv. 6d.,
Leiden-Paris 1950-53, 3 vols.
Levi-Provencal, Chorfa = E. Levi-Provencal, Les
Historiens des Chorfa, Paris 1922
Makkarl, Analectes = Naffy
al-Tib fi Ghusn al-
Andalus al-Ratib(Analectes surl'histoire et la litte-
rature des Arabes de I'Espagne), Leiden 1855-61
Makkarl, Bulak = the same, ed. Bulak 1279/1862
Maspero-Wiet, Materiaux = J . Maspero et G. Wiet,
Materiaux pour servir a la Geographic de I'Egypte,
Le Caire 1914 (MIFAO XXXVI)
Mascudi, Murudi = Murudi al-Dhahab, ed. C. Barbier
de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille, Paris 1861-77
Mascudi, Tanbih = K. al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishrdf,
ed.
M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1894 (BGA VIII)
Mayer, Architects = L. A. Mayer, Islamic Architects
and their Works, Geneva 1956
Mayer, Astrolabists = L. A. Mayer, Islamic Astrolabists
and their Works, Geneva 1958
Mayer, Metalworkers = L. A. Mayer, Islamic Metal-
workers and their Works, Geneva 1959
Mayer, Woodcarvers = L. A. Mayer, Islamic Wood-
carvers and their Works, Geneva 1958
Mez, Renaissance = A. Mez, Die Renaissance des
I slams, Heidelberg 1922
Mez, Renaissance, Eng. tr. = The Renaissance of
Islam, translated into English by Salahuddin
Khuda Bukhsh and D. S. Margoliouth, London
1937
Mez, Renaissance, Spanish trans. = El Renacimiento
del Islam, translated into Spanish by S. Vila,
Madrid-Granada 1936.
Mlrkhwand = Rawdat al-Safd,
Bombay 1266/1849
Mukaddasl = Afysan al-Takdsim fi Ma^rifat al-A^d-
lim, ed. M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1877 (BGA III)
Munadjd|im Bashi = Sahd*if al-Akhbdr, IstanbuJ
1285
NaJlino, Scritti = C. A. Nallino, Raccolta di Scritti
editi e inediti, Roma 1939-48
Zubayrl, Nasab = Muscab al-Zubayri, NasabKuraysh,
ed. E. L6vi-Provencal, Cairo 1953
'Othmdnll Miiellifleri = Bursall Mehmed Tahir, CCM-
mdnli Miiellifleri, Istanbul 1333
Pakalin = Mehmet Zeki Pakalin, Osmanh Tarih
Deyimleri ve Terimleri Sdzlugu, 3 vols., Istanbul
1946 ff.
Pauly-Wissowa = Realenzyklopaedie des klassischen
Altertums
Pearson = J. D. Pearson, Index Islamicus, Cam-
bridge 1958
Pons Boigues = Ensayo bio-bibliogrdfico sobre los
historiadores
y
gedgrafos
ardbigo-espanoles,
Madrid 1898
Samcam = al-Sameani, al-Ansdb, ed. in facsimile by
D. S. Margolioutb, Leiden 1912 (GMS XX)
Santillana, Istituzioni = D. Santillana, Istituzioni di
diritto musulmano malichita, Roma 1926-38

ABBREVIATED TITLES OF SOME OF THE MOST OFTEN QUOTED WORKS

Sarkis = Sarkis, Mu^diam al-matbii'dt al-carabiyya,
Cairo 1346/1928
Schwarz, Iran = P. Schwarz, Iran im Mittelalter
nach den arabischen Geographen, Leipzig 1896-
Shahrastanl = al-Milal wa 'l-Nifral, ed. W. Cureton,
London 1846
Si&ill-i 'Othmdni = Mehmed Thiireyya, Sidiill-i
C0thmdni, Istanbul 1308-1316
Snouck Hurgronje, Verspr. Geschr. = C. Snouck
Hurgronje, Verspr-eide Geschriften, Bonn-Leipzig-
Leiden 1923-27
Sources intdites = Comte Henry de Castries, Les
Sources incites de VHistoire du Maroc, Premiere
Serie, Paris [etc.] 1905 —, Deuxieme Serie, Paris
1922 —
Spuler, Horde = B. Spuler, Die Goldene Horde,
Leipzig 1943
Spuler, Iran = B. Spuler, Iran in fruh-islamischer
Zeit, Wiesbaden 1952
Spuler, Mongolen * = B. Spuler, Die Mongolen in
Irant 2nd ed., Berlin 1955
Storey = C. A. Storey, Persian Literature: a bio-
bibliographical survey, London 1927-
Survey of Persian Art = ed. by A. U. Pope, Oxford
1938
Suter = H, Suter, Die Mathematiker und Astronomen
der Araber und ihre Werke, Leipzig 1900
SuyutI, Bughya = Bughyat al-Wu'dt, Cairo 1326
TA = Muhammad Murtada b. Muhammad al-Zabldl,
Tddi al-^Arus
fabari = Ta'rikh al-Rusul wa 'l-Muluk, ed. M. J. De
Goeje and others, Leiden 1879-1901
Taeschner, Wegenetz = Franz Taeschner, Die Verkehrs-

lage und das Wegenetz Anatoliens im Wandel der
Zeiten, Gotha 1926
Ta'rikh Baghdad = al-Kiatlb al-Baghdadl, Ta'rikh
Baghdad, 14 vols., Cairo 1349/1931.
Ta*rikh Dimashb = Ibn cAsakir, Ta'rikh Dimashb,
7 vols., Damascus 1329-51/1911-31
Ta*rikh-i Guzida = Hamd AUah Mustawfl al-Kaz-
wlnl, Ta*rikh-i Guzida, ed. in facsimile by E. G.
Browne, Leiden-London 1910
Thaealibl, Yatima = Yatimat al-Dahr fi
Majtdsin
Ahl al-'A$r, Damascus 1304
Tomaschek = W. Tomaschek, Zur historischen Topo-
graphie von Kleinasien im Mittelalter, Vienna
1891.
Weil, Chalifen = G. Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen,
Mannheim-Stuttgart 1846-82
Wensinck, Handbook = A. J. Wensinck, A Hand-
book of Early Muhammadan Tradition, Leiden
1927
Yackubl = Ta'rikh, ed. M. Th. Houtsma, Leiden 1883
Yackubi, Bulddn = ed. M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1892
(EGA VII)
Yackubi-Wiet ==-- Ya'frubi. Les Pays, trad, par Gaston
Wiet, Cairo 1937
Yafcut = Mu*diam al-Bulddnt ed. F. Wiistenfeld,
Leipzig 1866-73 (anastatic reprint 1924)
Yafcut, Udabd* = Irshdd al-Arib ild Ma*rifat
al-
Adlb, ed. D. S. Margoliouth, Leiden 1907-31
(GMS VI)
Zambaur = E. de Zambaur, Manuel de genialogie
et de chronologie pour Vhistoire
de
I'Islam,
Hanover 1927 (anastatic reprint Bad Pyrmont
1955)
Zinkeisen = J. Zinkeisen, Geschichte des osmanischen
Reiches in Europa, Gotha 1840-83

ABBREVIATED TITLES OF SOME OF THE MOST OFTEN QUOTED WORKS

Sarkis = Sarkis, Mu^diam al-matbii'dt al-carabiyya,
Cairo 1346/1928
Schwarz, Iran = P. Schwarz, Iran im Mittelalter
nach den arabischen Geographen, Leipzig 1896-
Shahrastanl = al-Milal wa 'l-Nifral, ed. W. Cureton,
London 1846
Si&ill-i 'Othmdni = Mehmed Thiireyya, Sidiill-i
C0thmdni, Istanbul 1308-1316
Snouck Hurgronje, Verspr. Geschr. = C. Snouck
Hurgronje, Verspr-eide Geschriften, Bonn-Leipzig-
Leiden 1923-27
Sources intdites = Comte Henry de Castries, Les
Sources incites de VHistoire du Maroc, Premiere
Serie, Paris [etc.] 1905 —, Deuxieme Serie, Paris
1922 —
Spuler, Horde = B. Spuler, Die Goldene Horde,
Leipzig 1943
Spuler, Iran = B. Spuler, Iran in fruh-islamischer
Zeit, Wiesbaden 1952
Spuler, Mongolen * = B. Spuler, Die Mongolen in
Irant 2nd ed., Berlin 1955
Storey = C. A. Storey, Persian Literature: a bio-
bibliographical survey, London 1927-
Survey of Persian Art = ed. by A. U. Pope, Oxford
1938
Suter = H, Suter, Die Mathematiker und Astronomen
der Araber und ihre Werke, Leipzig 1900
SuyutI, Bughya = Bughyat al-Wu'dt, Cairo 1326
TA = Muhammad Murtada b. Muhammad al-Zabldl,
Tddi al-^Arus
fabari = Ta'rikh al-Rusul wa 'l-Muluk, ed. M. J. De
Goeje and others, Leiden 1879-1901
Taeschner, Wegenetz = Franz Taeschner, Die Verkehrs-

lage und das Wegenetz Anatoliens im Wandel der
Zeiten, Gotha 1926
Ta'rikh Baghdad = al-Kiatlb al-Baghdadl, Ta'rikh
Baghdad, 14 vols., Cairo 1349/1931.
Ta*rikh Dimashb = Ibn cAsakir, Ta'rikh Dimashb,
7 vols., Damascus 1329-51/1911-31
Ta*rikh-i Guzida = Hamd AUah Mustawfl al-Kaz-
wlnl, Ta*rikh-i Guzida, ed. in facsimile by E. G.
Browne, Leiden-London 1910
Thaealibl, Yatima = Yatimat al-Dahr fi
Majtdsin
Ahl al-'A$r, Damascus 1304
Tomaschek = W. Tomaschek, Zur historischen Topo-
graphie von Kleinasien im Mittelalter, Vienna
1891.
Weil, Chalifen = G. Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen,
Mannheim-Stuttgart 1846-82
Wensinck, Handbook = A. J. Wensinck, A Hand-
book of Early Muhammadan Tradition, Leiden
1927
Yackubl = Ta'rikh, ed. M. Th. Houtsma, Leiden 1883
Yackubi, Bulddn = ed. M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1892
(EGA VII)
Yackubi-Wiet ==-- Ya'frubi. Les Pays, trad, par Gaston
Wiet, Cairo 1937
Yafcut = Mu*diam al-Bulddnt ed. F. Wiistenfeld,
Leipzig 1866-73 (anastatic reprint 1924)
Yafcut, Udabd* = Irshdd al-Arib ild Ma*rifat
al-
Adlb, ed. D. S. Margoliouth, Leiden 1907-31
(GMS VI)
Zambaur = E. de Zambaur, Manuel de genialogie
et de chronologie pour Vhistoire
de
I'Islam,
Hanover 1927 (anastatic reprint Bad Pyrmont
1955)
Zinkeisen = J. Zinkeisen, Geschichte des osmanischen
Reiches in Europa, Gotha 1840-83

X

ABBREVIATIONS FOR PERIODICALS ETC.

Abh. G. W. Gott. = Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der
Wissenschaften zu Gottingen.
Abh. K. M. = Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des
Morgenlandes.
Abh. Pr. Ah. W. — Abhandlungen der preussischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Afr. Fr. = Bulletin du Comiti de VAfrique
franfaise.
AIEO Alger = Annales de VInstitut d*Etudes Orien-
tates de VUniversity d*Alger.
AIUON = Annali delV Istituto Universitario Orien-
tate di Napoli.
Anz. Wien = Anzeiger der [kaiserlichen] Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Wien. Philosophisch-historische
Klasse.
AO = Acta Orientalia.
ArO = Archiv Orientdlni.
ARW = Archiv fur Religionswissenschaft.
ASI = Archaeological Survey of India.
AS I, NIS = ditto, New Imperial Series.
ASI, AR — ditto, Annual Reports.
AVDTCFD = Ankara Universitesi DU ve Tarih-
Cografya Fakultesi Dergisi.
BAH = Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana.
BASOR = Bulletin
of the American Schools of
Oriental Research.
Belleten = Belleten (of Turk Tarih Kurumu)
BFac. Ar. = Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts of the
Egyptian University.
B£t. Or. = Bulletin d'Etudes Orientates de VInstitut
Francais de Damas.
EGA = Bibliotheca geographorum arabicorum.
BIE = Bulletin de VInstitut d'figypte.
BIFAO = Bulletin de VInstitut Francais tf ArcUologie
Orientale du Caire.
BRAH = Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia
de Espana.
BSE = Bol'shaya Sovetskaya £ntsiklopediya (Large
Soviet Encyclopaedia) ist ed.
BSE* = the same, 2nd ed.
BSL[P] = Bulletin de laSocieU de Linguistique de Paris.
BSO[A]S = Bulletin of the School of Oriental [and
African] Studies.
BTLV = Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volken-
kunde [van Nederlandsch-Indie].
BZ = Byzantinische Zeitschrift.
COC = Cahiers de VOrient contemporain.
CT = Cahiers de Tunisie.
El1 = Encyclopaedia of Islam, Ist edition.
EIM =• Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica.
ERE = Encyclopaedia of Religions and Ethics.
GGA = Gottinger Gelehrte Anzeigen.
GMS = Gibb Memorial Series.
Gr. I. Ph. — Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie.
IA = Isldm Ansiklopedisi.
IB LA = Revue de VInstitut des Belles Lettres Arabes,
Tunis.
1C = Islamic Culture.
IFD = Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi.
IHQ = Indian Historical Quarterly.
IQ = The Islamic Quarterly.
Isl. — Der Islam.
JA — Journal Asiatique.
JAfr. S = Journal of the African Society.
JAOS = Journal of the American Oriental Society.

JAnthr. I = Journal of the Anthropological Institute.
JBBRAS = Journal of the Bombay Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society.
JE — Jewish Encyclopaedia.
JESHO = Journal of the Economic and Social
History of the Orient.
J[R]Num. S. = Journal of the [Royal]
Numismatic
Society.
JNES — Journal of Near Eastern Studies.
JPak. H. S. = Journal of the Pakistan Historical
Society.
JPHS = Journal of the Punjab Historical Society.
JQR = Jewish Quarterly Review.
JRAS = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
J[R]ASB = Journal and Proceedings of the [Royal]
Asiatic Society of Bengal.
JRGeog. S. = Journal of the Royal
Geographical
Society.
JSFO = Journal de la Societe Finno-ougrienne.
JSS = Journal of Semitic Studies.
KCA = Korosi Csoma Archivum.
KS = Keleti Szemle (Oriental Review).
KSIE = Kratkie Soobshteniya Instituta
£tnografiy
(Short communications of the Institute of
Ethnography).
LE = Literaturnaya £ntsiklopediya_ (Literary Ency-
clopaedia).
MDOG = Mitteillungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesell-
schaft.
MDPV — Mitteilungen und Nachrichten des Deutschen
Paldstina- Vereins.
ME A = Middle Eastern Affairs.
ME] = Middle East Journal.
MFOB = Melanges
de la Faculte
Orientale de
I'Universite St. Joseph de Beyrouth.
MGMN = Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin
und Naturwissenschaften.
MGWJ = Monatsschriftfiir die Geschichte und Wissen-
schaft des Judentums.
MI DEO == Melanges de VInstitut Dominicain d'Etudes
Orientates du Caire.
MIE = Mtmoires de VInstitut d'£gypte.
MIFA O = M ^moires publics par les membres de VIn-
stitut Francais d'Archtologie Orientale du Caire.
MMAF = Me"moires de la Mission Archtologique
Franfaise au Caire.
MMIA = Madiallat al-Madima< al-cllmi al-*Arabi,
Damascus.
MO = Le Monde oriental.
MOG = Mitteilungen zur osmanischen Geschichte.
MSE = Malaya Sovetskaya £ntsiklopediya (Small
Soviet Encyclopaedia).
MSFO = Mtmoires de la Sociiti Finno-ougrienne.
MSL[P] = Mtmoires de la Soci&tt Linguistique de Paris.
MSOS Afr. = Mitteilungen des Seminars fiir Orien-
talische Sprachen, Afrikanische Studien.
MSOS As. = Mitteilungen des Seminars fiir Orien-
talische Sprachen, Westasiatische Studien.
MTM = Milli Tetebbtfler Medimu'asl.
MW = The Muslim World.
NC = Numismatic Chronicle.
NGWGott. = Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der
Wissenschaften zu Gottingen.
OC = Oriens Christianus.

XII
ABBREVIATIONS

OLZ = Orientalistische Liter aturzeitung.
OM = Oriente Moderno.
PEFQS = Palestine Exploration Fund. Quarterly
Statement.
Pet. Mitt. = Petermanns Mitteilungen.
QDAP = Quarterly Statement of the Department of
Antiquities of Palestine.
RAfr. = Revue Africaine.
RCEA — Repertoire chronologique d'£pigraphie arabe.
REJ = Revue des Etudes Juives.
Rend. Lin. = Rendiconti della Reale Accademia dei
Lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filolo-
giche.
REI = Revue des Etudes Islamiques.
RHR = Revue de VHistoire des Religions.
RIM A = Revue de rinstitut des Manuscrits Arabes.
RMM = Revue du Monde Musulman.
RO = Rocznik Orientalistyczny.
ROC = Revue de VOrient Chretien.
ROL = Revue de VOrient Latin.
RSO = Rivista degli studi orientali.
RT = Revue Tunisienne.
SBAk. Heid. = Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Aka-
demie der Wissenschaften.
SBAk. Wien = Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Wien.
SBBayr. Ak. = Sitzungsberichte der Bayrischen Aka-
demie der Wissenschaften.
SBPMS Erlg. — Sitzungsberichte der Physikalisch-
medizinischen Sozietdt in Erlangen.
SBPr. Ak. W. — Sitzungsberichte der preussischen
A kademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.
SE = Sovetskaya Etnografiya_ (Soviet Ethnography).

SO = Sovetskoe Vostokovedenie (Soviet Orientalism).
Stud. Isl. = Studia Islamica.
S.Ya. — Sovetskoe Yazlkoznanie (Soviet Linguistics).
TBG = Tijdschrift
van het Bataviaasch Genootschap
van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.
TD = Tarih Dergisi.
TIE = Trudl instituta ttnogmjiy
(Works of the
Institute of Ethnography).
TM = Turkiyat Mecmuasi.
TOEM = Ta'rikh-i 'Othmdni (Turk Ta'rikhi) En-
diilmeni med/jmu^asl.
Verh. Ak. Amst. = Verhandelingen der Koninklijke
Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam.
Versl. Med. Ak. Amst. = Verslagen en Mededeelingen
der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te
Amsterdam.
VI = Voprosi Istoriy (Historical Problems).
WI = Die Welt des Islams.
WIn.s. — ibid., new series.
Wiss. Veroff.
DOG = fVissenschaftliche
Veroffent-
lichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft.
WZKM = Wiener Zeitschrift
fur die Kunde des
Morgenlandes.
ZA = Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie.
ZATW = Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissen-
schaft.
ZDMG = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenldndischen
Gesellschaft.
ZDPV = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Paldstinavereins.
ZGErdk. Birl. = Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur Erd-
kunde in Berlin.
ZS = Zeitschrift fur Semitistik.

LIST OF TRANSLITERATIONS

SYSTEM OF TRANSLITERATION OF ARABIC CHARACTERS:

Consonants
Long Vowels
Diphthongs

t
, (except
5
z
vJJ
*
<j= I a
3 _
aw
when mitial) '
^
-^
V
b
(J* s
^ 5 k
^
u
(^_c - ay

O
*
L£
sh
j
1
Wf !

^ -
^ ?
r
m
_L
iyy (final form I)
g
di
D^ 4
o
n
SA°^ r°^/S
£
h
i t
«
h
_i- a
^
uww (final form u)

^ k h
J o *
^
w
_ L . u

O
d
£

c
^
y
— i

o
dfe
£
sfe
,
r
O f

»
a; at (construct state)

jf (article), al- and
31- (even before the antero-palatals)

PERSIAN, TURKISH AND URDU ADDITIONS TO THE ARABIC ALPHABET:

V P
3
&
^
t
j
f
5
^J or v^T g (sometimes n in Turkish)
x
"
js
d

Additional vowels:

a) Turkish: e, I, o, 6, ii. Diacritical signs proper to Arabic are, in principle, not used in words of Turkish
etymology.
b) Urdu: e, 6.

For modern Turkish, the official orthography adopted by the Turkish Republic in 1928 is used.
The following letters may be noted:

c = di
g = gh
j = z h
k = k and
fc
t = t and t
c = 5
h = h, h and kh
? = s h
s = s, s and th
z = z, ?, d and dh

SYSTEM OF TRANSLITERATION OF CYRILLIC CHARACTERS:

a a
e e
K k
n p
4 * *
^
sh6
10 y u
6
b
> K i
^ 1
p r
X k h
b l i
q
ya
B V
3
z
M
m
c
s
U l s
b
5
t 6
r
g
H
i
H
n
T
t
H
^
T >
c
A
d
H
V
o o
y u
i i i g h
a e

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA

P.
ia,
CABABDA, 1. 6 read limit.
P.
2b, read ABAKA.
P.
3,
ABARKUBADH. Bibliography, add: G. C. Miles, Abarqubddh, A new Umayyad Mint, in American
Numism. Soc. Museum Notes IV, 1952, 115-120.
P.
7b, 1. 4 from below, for shahi-sewen read shah-seven.
P.
8b,
CABBAS I, add to the bibliography: Nasr Allah Falsafi, Zindagdni-yi Shah cAbbds-i Awwal, Tehran
1953—; Miguel Asin Palacios, Comentario de Don Garcia de Silva y Figueroa de la embajada
que de parte del Roy de Espana don Felippe III hizo al Rey Xa Abas de Persia, Madrid 1928;
N. D. Miklucho-Maclay, K voprosu o nalagovoy politike v Irane pri Shakhe Abbase I . . ., in
Sovetskoe Vostokovedenie, vi (1949), 348-55; E. Kiihnel, Han *Alam und die Diplomat: Bez.
zw. Gahdngir und Schah 'Abbas, in ZDMG xcvi (1942), 171-86.
P.
13*, 1. 18, for cAbbas Hilmi I read cAbbas I.
P.
2ib, 1. 56, read A. H. 467 al-Muktadi.
P.
41% 1. 29, for 68/686-8 read 68/687-8.
P.
45», 1. 26, for by al-Zubayr read by cAbd Allah b. al-Zubayr.
P.
47,
CABD ALLAH B. AL-HUSAYN, Bibliography, add: M. Khadduri, Fertile Crescent Unity, in R. N.
Frye, ed., The Near East and the Great Powers, Cambridge (Mass.) 1951, 137-177.
P«
57b> !• 66, for Abu Hamara read Abu Himara.
P.
57,
add: CABD AL-cAz!z B. CABD AL-RAHMAN IBN AB! CAMIR [see CAMIRIDS].
add: CABD AL-cAziz B. ABI DULAF [see DULAFIDS].
P.
58*,
€ABD AL-cAziz B. MARWAN, Bibliography, add: U. Rizzitano, *Abd al^Azlz b. Marwdn, governatore
umayyade d'Egitto, in Rend. Lin., series iii, vol. ii, fasc. 5-6, 1947, 341-347.
P.
58b, 1. 59, for 30 March read 30 May.
P-
59a> I- 50, CABD AL-cAziz AL-DIHLAWI, read Shah.
P.
60,
add CABD AL-DJALIL ABU 'L-MAHASIN [see AL-DIHISTAN!].
add €ABD AL-GHAFFAR B. £ABD AL-KAR!M [see AL-KAZWIN!].
add €ABD AL-GHAFFAR AL-AKHRAS [see AL-AKHRAS].
CABD AL-HAKK B. SAYF AL-DIN, Bibliography, add: Kh. A. Nizaml, tfaydt Shaykh <Abd al-&aW
Muhaddith Dihlawl, Dihli 1953.
P.
6ia, 1. 46, after born Febr. 1852 add at Istanbul.
P.
6ib, 1. 30, for in 1937 read on 12 April 1937 at Istanbul.
P.
6ib, 1. 42, for Yadigar-i Harp read Yadgar-i Harb.
P.
63b, 1. 7, for Wasif read Wasif.
P.
63b,
CABD AL-HAMID II, 1. 2, for 5th of 30 read 8th of 40.
P.
63b, 1. 10 from below, for former read later.
P.
64*, 1. 42, for amedii read ameddii.
P.
64b, 1. 42, for 1894 read 1889.
P.
65,
Bibliography, last line, for 1343 read 1943.
P.
71,
add CABD AL-KAR!M B. CADJARRAD [see IBN CADJARRAD].
P.
72b, 1. 30, for Pa'inda read Payanda.
P.
75b, 1. 15, after son of cAbd al-cAziz [q.v.] add born 30 May 1868.
P.
76,
add CABD AL-MALIK B. HISHAM [see IBN HISHAM].
P.
78,
add CABD AL-MALIK B. ZUHR [see IBN ZUHR].
P.
80,
add €ABD AL-RAHIM B. CALI [see AL-KADI AL-FADIL].
CABD AL-RAH!M B. MUHAMMAD [see IBN NUBATA].
P.
91,
add £ABD AL-SALAM B. AHMAD [see IBN GHANIM],
P.
9ib, in Bibliography, for Kumushakhanawl read Gumiish-khanewl.
P.
97a,
£ABD! EFFENDI, 1. 4, for 1764 read 1774.
P.
i02b, 1. 24, art. ABRAHA, for 640-650 A.D. read 540-550 A.D..
P.
iO3a, 1. 20, after idem, le Muston, 1953, 339-42, add idem, La persecution des chr&iens himyarites au
sixieme siecle, Istanbul 1956.
P. iosb, 1. 42, for al-ka$ar al-Misrl read al-fcu(r al-Misrl.
P.
108,
ABU *L-CAYNA'. Bibliography, add Djahiz, Hayawdn*, index; cAskalanI, Lisdn al-mizdn, v, 344-46;
Safadi, Himydn, 265; Ch. Pellat, in RSO, 1952, 66.
P.
109% 1. 8, from below, for 1136/1273 read 1136/1724.
P.
io9a, 1. 4, from below, for 1133/1729 read 1004/1596.
P.
I09a, 1. 3, from below, for cUthman III read cUthman II.
P. inb, 1. 66, for Nahar*11 read Nahar*n.
P. H7a, 1. 27, for al-Kahtani read al-Kahtani.
P.
H7b, 1. 15, read Akbar ndma, iii.
P. n8b, 1. 30, after Nadjaf 1353, add and Cairo 1368/1949.
1. 63, for 'Hamah read Hamah.
P. H9a, 1. 40, for Takwln read Takwlm.

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA
XV

P.
123,
ABU HANIFA. F. Rosenthal points out that the name of the grandfather (Zwty or Zwtrh) corresponds
to the Aramaic word for "small"; Abu Hanifa was therefore probably of local, Aramaean descent.
P.
125,
ABU HATIM YUSUF B. MUHAMMAD. [See RUSTUMIDS].
P.
126*, 1. 36, lor al-Makdisi read al-Mukaddasi.
P. I4ib, 1. 72, for ("the man with green spectacles") read ("the man with blue spectacles").
P.
142,
ABU NADDARA. Bibliography: add Ibrahim cAbduh, Abu Nadddra, Cairo 1953.
P.
i43b, 1. 9, ABU NUWAS, for (d. 198/873) read (d. 198/813).
P.
143*, 1. 35, for al-Khatib read al-Khasib.
P.
i44b, ABU NUWAS, add to bibliography: E. Wagner, Der Vberlieferung des Abu Nuwds-Diwdn, Wiesbaden
1958.
P. i46a, 1. i, for ba read ba.
P. i47b, ABU SACID B. ABI 'L-KHAYR, add to bibliography: Muhammad b. Munawwar . . . MaykhanI, Asrdr
fi 'l-tawhid fi Makdmdt al-Shaykh Abi Sa'id, ed. Dhablh Allah Safa, Tehran 1332 S./I954.
P.
163,
ABU YAZID AL-BISTAMI. Bibliography: add H. Ritter, Die Ausspruche des Bayezid Bisjdml, in:
Westostliche Abhandlungen Rudolf Tschudi . . . uberreicht, Wiesbaden 1954, 231-43.
P.
182*, 1. 10, for zaman read zaman.
P.
183*, 1. 9, for Brouquiere read Brocquiere.
P.
184*, AD AN A, add to bibliography: see also map of Adana in Nazim Tarhan and Aziz Arsan, Tarihte Adana,
Adana ca. 1954, new ed. "Turistik Adana" ca. 1957.
P.
i87b, 1. 48 read 1748, fasc. Ill, 95 f.
P.
i87b,
€ADHAB AL-KABR, add to the bibliography: Ibn Kayyim al-Djawziyya, al-Risdla al-Kabriyya fi
Jl-Radd <-ala Munkirl 'Adhdb al-Kabr, in Madimu'at Sitt Rasd'il, Cairo and Kadiyan, n.d.
P.
188,
ADHAN. Bibliography: add Wensinck, Mohammed en de Joden te Medina, 127 ff. (French transl. in
RAfr., 1954, 96 ff.)-
P.
190*, 1. 5, for 1728 read 1729-30.
P.
194*, ADHAR!, add to Bibliography: Przeglad Orientalistyczny 1956/1 (17), 86 ff.
P.
i99b, ADIYAMAN, 1. 2, for Hiisniimansur read Hismmansur.
P.
20ib, 1. 41, for 365/972 read 365/976.
P.
2O7b, AL^ADJDJADJ, 1. 5, for 97/H5 read 97/716.
P.
209*, 1. 68, add The seat of an administrative tribunal is therefore often called ddr al-cadl.
P. 2iib, 1. 5, for 338/944 read 338/949-
P.
214*, 1. 48, add On the Musta'ini of Ibn Biklarish, see Renaud, in Hesp., 1930, 135 ff.
P.
2i4b, 1. 23, add On the Takwim al-Adwiya of al-cAlacI, see Renaud, in Hesp., 1933, 69 ff.
P.
2i5a, 1. 15 for Bahra3 read Bahra3.
1. 65 for SHANANSHAN read SHAHANSHAH.
P.
224,
AFGHANISTAN, (ii) ETHNOGRAPHY. Bibliography: add Iwamura Sh. and H. F. Schurman, Notes on
Mongolian Groups in Afghanistan, Silver Jubilee volume of Zinbun-kagaku-Kenkyusho, Kyoto Univ.
1954, 480-515 (includes linguistic texts).
P.
225,
AFGHANISTAN, (iv) RELIGION. Bibliography: add W. Jackson and L. H. Gray, in ERE, s.v.
Afghanistan, i, 158, 160; N. Slousch, Les Juifs en Afghanistan, RMM, 1908, 502 ff.; M. Akram,
Bibliographic analytique de 1'Afghanistan, i, Paris 1947.
P.
228*, 1. 7, from below, for Ghazna read Kabul.
P.
228b, 1. 9, from below, for 1003/1621 read 1003/1595.
P.
234*, AFLAKI, at end, change full stop to comma and add by Tahsin Yazici, 2 vols., 1953-5.
P.
244*, 1. 34, for Persians read Akkoyunlus.
P.
244*, AFYUN KARA HISAR, add after line 50: Kara Hisar formerly owed some of its importance to being
a junction of the caravan routes between Izmir and the commercial centres in the interior (Ankara,
Kayseri, Tolot, etc.) on the one hand, and between Constantinople, or rather Scutari (Uskiidar),
and Syria on the other: see F. Taeschner, Das anatolische Wegenetz nach osmanischen Quellen, i,
Leipzig 1924, esp. 127; more recently it has become an important railway junction on the Izmir-
Kasaba and Anatolian systems.
P.
249b, 1. 49, read Djabriyya.
P.
25oa, 1. 21, add Ibrahim Shabbuh, in Revue de rinstitut des Manuscrits Arabes, 1956, 339 ff.
1. 30, read 148/765.
P.
257a, 1. 29, read of the brother of cAd.
P.
267b, AHMAD I, 1. 4, for 22 January read 22 December.
P.
268a, AHMAD II, 1. 4, for Rashid read Rashid.
P.
268b, Bibliography, 1. i, for Rashid read Rashid.
P.
268b, AHMAD III, 1. 4, for 21 August read 23 August.
P.
268b, 1. 35, for Kopriilu read Kopriilii-zade.
P.
277b, AHMAD B. HANBAL, add to bibliography: H. Laoust, Les premieres professions de foi hanbalites, in
Melanges Massignon, iii/i957, 7-36.
P.
279a, 1. 29, for as a magistrate in the Native Courts read as a kadi in the Shari'a Courts.
P.
287b, 1. 32, read in 1891, and his memoirs appeared under the title.
P.
3o6b, 1. 32 and 33 from below, read the early Middle Ages.
P.
311,
heading, for Ak Kirman read Ak Kirman-Ak Koyunlu.
P.
312,
heading, for Ak Kirman- read Ak Koyunlu-.
P.
3i2a, Bibliography, for Inan£ read Yman9.
P. 3i2a, AK KOYUNLU, add to bibliography: J. Aubin, Notes sur quelques documents Aq Qoytmlu, in M Manges
Massignon, i/i956, 123-47.
P- 3I3a, AK SHEHR, add to Bibliography: Ibrahim Hakki Konyali, Aksehir, Istanbul; Rifki Melul Meric,
Aksehir Tiirbe ve Kitdbeleri, TM, v, Istanbul.