the encyclopaedia of islam

604 Pages·2008·29.92 MB·English

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM
THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM
NEW EDITION
PREPARED BY A NUMBER OF
LEADING ORIENTALISTS
EDITED BY
P. J. BEARMAN, TH. BIANQUIS, C. E. BOSWORTH,
E. VAN DONZEL AND W. P. HEINRICHS
UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF
THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ACADEMIES
VOLUME XI
W — Z
LEIDEN
BRILL
2002
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:
Members: PJ. BEARMAN, TH. BIANQJJIS, C.E. BOSWORTH, J.T.P. DE BRUIJN, A. DIAS FARINHA, E. VAN DONZEL,
J. VAN Ess, W.P. HEINRICHS, RJ. KASTELEIJN, A.K.S. LAMBTON, B. LEWIS, F. ROSENTHAL, F. RUNDGREN,
A.L. UDOVITCH.
Associated members: HAUL INALCIK, S.H. NASR, M. TALBI.
The preparation of this volume of the Encyclopaedia of Islam was made pos-
sible in part through grants from the Research Tools Program of the National
Endowment for the Humanities, an independent Federal Agency of the United
States Government; the British Academy; the Oriental Institute, Leiden; Academic
des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences.
The articles in this volume were published in double fascicules of 112 pages, the dates of publication being:
2000: Fascs. 179-180, pp. 1-112 2001: Fascs. 181-186, pp. 113-448
2002: Fascs. 187-188, pp. 449-575
ISBN 90 04 12756 9
© Copyright 2002 by Koninklijke Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that
the appropriate fees are paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910,
Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change.
PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME
For the benefit of readers who may wish to follow up an individual contributor's articles, the Editors have
listed after each contributor's name the pages on which his or her signature appears. Academic affiliations
are given (for a retired scholar, the place of his/her last known academic appointment).
In this list, names in square brackets are those of authors of articles reprinted or revised from the first
edition of this Encyclopaedia or from the Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam. An asterisk after the name of the author
in the text denotes an article reprinted from the first edition which has been brought up to date by the
Editorial Committee; where an article has been revised by a second author his or her name appears within
square brackets after the name of the original author.
F. ADANIR, University of Bochum. 215 333, 334, 336, 337, 343, 358, 362, 366, 371, 387,
C. ADLE, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 394, 426, 432, 440, 447, 458, 459, 463, 464, 483,
Paris. 471 485, 487, 516, 522, 540, 559, 565, 571, 575
FEROZ AHMAD, University of Massachusetts, Boston. ANNABELLE BOTTCHER, Free University, Berlin. 299
321 W.C. BRICE, University of Manchester. 14, 32, 271,
VIRGINIA AKSAN, McMaster University, Hamilton, 386
Ontario. 131, 321 J.T.P. DE BRUIJN, University of Leiden. 361, 393
R.M.A. ALLEN, University of Pennsylvania. 251 KATHLEEN R.F. BURRILL, Columbia University. 162,
C. ALVAREZ DE MORALES, C.S.I.C., Granada. 15 202
A.A. AMBROS, University of Vienna. 552 R.D. BURROWES, University of Washington. 276
EDITH G. AMBROS, University of Vienna. 132, 205, Y. CALLOT, University of Tours. 14, 32
251, 319, 350, 519 SHEILA R. CANBY, British Museum, London. 264
R. AMITAI, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 18 S. CARBONI, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
MEROPI ANASTASSIADOU, Institut Francais d'Etudes 554
Anatoliennes, Istanbul. 283 A. CARMONA, University of Murcia. 78, 192
A. ARAZI, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 13, 158 M.G. CARTER, University of Oslo. 173, 459
FRANCHISE AUBIN, Centre d'Etudes de Recherches B. CATLOS, University of Toronto. 160
Internationales, Paris. 122 JACQUELINE CHABBI, University of Paris. 442
A. AYALON, Tel Aviv University. 126 KHALIFA CHATER, Bibliotheque Nationale, Tunis. 490
the late D. AYALON, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 27 E. CHAUMONT, Centre National de la Recherche
ROSWITHA BADRY, University of Freiburg. 569 Scientifique, Aix-en-Provence. 219, 299
EVA BAER, Jerusalem. 425 H.E. CHEHABI, Boston University. 574
M.A. AL-BAKHIT, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan. W.C. CHITTICK, State University of New York, Stony
460 Brook. 39
QIGDEM BALIM, University of Manchester. 163 P.M. COBB, University of Notre Dame. 464
M.L. BATES, The American Numismatic Society, New P.M. COSTA, University of Bologna. 6
York. 148 M. COTE, University of Aix-en-Provence. 139, 147,
TIZIANA BATTAIN, University of Trieste. 457 366
M. BAZIN, University of Reims. 267 J. COULAND, University of Paris. 176
A. BAZZANA, University of Lyons. 426 PATRICIA CRONE, Institute for Advanced Study,
PERI BEARMAN, Harvard University. 358 Princeton. 312
the late A.F.L. BEESTON, University of Oxford. 302 SETA B. DADOYAN, American University of Beirut. 282
M.A.J. BEG, Cambridge. 151 R. DANKOFF, University of Chicago. 360
P. BEHNSTEDT, University of Heidelberg. 280 R.E. DARLEY-DORAN, Winchester. 171, 200, 231
DORIS BEHRENS-ABOUSEIF, University of London. 69 G. DAVID, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest. 142,
H. BELL, Oxford Academy for Advanced Studies. 13 492, 546
A. BEN ABDESSELEM, Institut National des Langues et RANDI DEGUILHEM, IREMAM, Aix-en-Provence. 92
Civilisations Orientales, Paris. 133, 145 F.M. DENNY, University of Colorado, Boulder. 121,
H. BENCHENEB, Paris. 544 210
J.P. BERKEY, Davidson College, Davidson, North D. DEWEESE, Indiana University, Bloomington. 118
Carolina. 463 A. DIETRICH, University of Gottingen. 343
LIDIA BETTINI, University of Florence. 523, 558 E. VAN DONZEL, Leiden. 178, 234, 281, 293
TH. BIANQUIS, University of Lyons. 181, 190, 320, NELLY VAN DOORN-HARDER, Valparaiso University,
383, 392, 547 Valparaiso, Indiana. 530, 537
SHEILA S. BLAIR, Boston College. 298, 467 ANNE-MARIE EDDE, University of Reims. 191, 391
KH.Y. BLANKINSHIP, Temple University, Philadelphia. H. EISENSTEIN, University of Vienna. 130
311 MOHAMED EL MANSOUR, University Mohamed V,
F.C. DE BLOIS, Royal Asiatic Society, London. 184, Rabat. 133, 201, 202, 388
210, 223, 497, 513 W. ENDE, University of Freiburg. 47, 398, 530
J.M. BLOOM, Boston College. 298 G. ENDRESS, University of Bochum. 246
M. BOIVIN, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences SIBEL EROL, New York University. 257
Sociales, Paris. 518 J. VAN Ess, University of Tubingen. 165
C.E. BOSWORTH, University of Manchester. 2, 16, 34, T. FAHD, University of Strasbourg. 404
52, 100, 101, 130, 134, 135, 136, 144, 148, 178, SURAIYA FAROQHI, University of Munich. 257, 301,
179, 184, 202, 205, 214, 220, 221, 224, 227, 235, 341, 495, 545
238, 246, 255, 288, 290, 294, 297, 301, 302, 312, HALIMA FERHAT, University of Rabat. 356, 566
VI AUTHORS
MARIBEL FIERRO, C.S.I.C., Madrid. 15, 103, 249, 425 V. LAGARDERE, Centre National de la Recherche Scien-
R. FIRESTONE, Hebrew Union College, Los Angeles. tifique, Lyons. 141
254, 354, 373 ANN K.S. LAMBTON, Kirknewton, Northumberland. 87,
BARBARA FLEMMING, University of Leiden. 362 194, 286, 309, 473
G.S.P. FREEMAN-GRENVILLE, Sheriff Hutton, York. 106, W. and FIDELITY LANCASTER, Orkney. 160
108, 283, 445, 450 J.M. LANDAU, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 357
M. GABORIEAU, Centre National de la Recherche H. LANDOLT, Institute of Ismaili Studies, London. 218
Scientifique, Paris. 120, 358, 406, 536 A. LAyISH, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 81
D. GAZAGNADOU, University of Paris. 268 O.N.H. LEAMAN, University of Kentucky. 217
G.J.H. VAN GELDER, University of Oxford. 151, 153, M. LECKER, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 19, 220,
184, 247 475, 476, 496, 559, 566
E. GEOFFROY, University of Strasbourg. 236, 406, 524 F. LECONTE, Lycee Berthelot, Chatellerault. 228
ALI GHEISSARI, University of San Diego. 239, 309 S. LEDER, University of Halle. 103, 354, 552
CL. GILLIOT, University of Aix-en-Provence. 152, 266 F. LEEMHUIS, University of Groningen. 6, 148, 247
GENEVIEVE GOBILLOT, University of Lyons. 562 G. LEISER, Vacaville, California. 494
G. GOODWIN, Royal Asiatic Society, London. 267 J. LENTIN, University of Paris. 465
MOLLY GREENE, Princeton University. 204 Y. LEV, Bar-Han University, Ramat-Gan. 171
D. GRIL, University of Aix-en-Provence. 212 [G. LEVI dELLA VIDA, Rome]. 284
[A. GROHMANN, Vienna]. 270 [E. LEVI-PROVENCAL, Paris]. 491
AJ. GULLY, University of Exeter. 319 B. LEWIS, Princeton University. 569
the late U. HAARMANN, Free University, Berlin. 175 L. LEWISOHN, University of London. 23
WAEL B. HALLAq, McGill University, Montreal. 389 CHANG-KUAN LIN, National Cheng-chi University,
H. HALM, University of Tubingen. 103, 129, 405 Taipei. 216
J. HAMEEN-ANTTILA, University of Helsinki. 382 P. LORY, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris.
C. HAMES, Centre National de la Recherche 113, 221
Scientifique, Paris. 443, 470 P.E. LOSENSKY, Indiana University, Bloomington. 53,
SHAH MAHMOUD HANIFI, University of Michigan, Ann 59, 567
Arbor. 494 R.D. McCHESNEY, New York University. 95
I. HASSON, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 522, 551 N. McHuGH, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado.
A. HAVEMANN, Free University, Berlin. 359 6, 125
G.R. HAWTING, University of London. 311, 312 W. MADELUNG, University of Oxford. 243, 250, 474,
S. HEIDEMANN, University of Jena. 392, 452, 455 481
W.P. HEINRICHS, Harvard University. 37, 52, 53, 313, D. MALLET, Institut Francais d'Etudes Arabes,
364, 472 Damascus. 438
C.J. HEYWOOD, University of London. 290 [G. MARCAIS, Paris]. 24
C. HOLES, University of Oxford. 47 C. MELVILLE, University of Cambridge. 432
[E. HONIGMANN, Brussels]. 488 RANA VON MENDE-ALTAYLI, Berlin. 256
M.B. HOOKER, Australian National University, [TH. MENZEL]. 138
Canberra. 99, 493 J.W. MERI, University of California, Berkeley. 529
D. HOPWOOD, University of Oxford. 26 F. MERMIER, Centre National de la Recherche
J.O. HUNWICK, Northwestern University. 9, 99, 124 Scientifique, Lyons. 277
HALIL INALcIK, Bilkent University, Ankara. 197 Y. MERON, Jerusalem. 159
SVETLANA IVANOVA, National Library, Sofia. 150, 208, FRANCOISE MICHAUX, University of Paris. 246
517 [V. MINORSKY, Cambridge]. 238
MAWIL Y. Izzi DIEN, University of Wales, Lampeter. L. MOLINA, University of Granada. 355
23, 58, 208 G. MONNOT, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris.
P. JACKSON, University of Keele. 174 177
RENATE JAGOBI, Free University, Berlin. 129, 548, 571 J.E. MONTGOMERY, University of Cambridge. 460
J. JANKOWSKI, University of Colorado. 253 SHIREEN Moosvi, Aligarh Muslim University. 439
J.J.G. JANSEN, University of Leiden. 57 D.O. MORGAN, University of London. 293
PENELOPE C. JOHNSTONE, University of Oxford. 145, J.-M. MOUTON, University of Paris. 423
152, 225, 486 W.W. MULLER, University of Marburg. 380
F. DE JONG, University of Utrecht. 185 M. MURANYI, University of Bonn. 572
W.E. KAEGI, University of Chicago. 292 SACHIKO MURATA, State University of New York, Stony
O. KAHL, Sheffield. 496 Brook. 137
J.G. KATZ, Oregon State University. 468 R. MURPHEY, University of Birmingham. 153, 215,
BARBARA KELLNER-HEINKELE, Free University, Berlin. 331
341 MUSTAPHA NAIMI, University Mohamed V, Rabat. 21
H. KENNEDY, University of St. Andrews. 128 HUSAYN NASSAR, Cairo University. 384
P.F. KENNEDY, New York University. 564 I.R. NETTON, University of Leeds. 37, 49
R.G. KHOURY, University of Heidelberg. 36, 101, 180, E. NEUBAUER, University of Frankfurt. 251, 351, 428,
559, 565 517, 574
ABDELFATTAH KILITO, University Mohamed V, Rabat. G. NONNEMAN, Lancaster University. 547
52, 352 H.T. NORRIS, University of London. 385
HILARY KILPATRIGK, Lausanne. 423 CLAUDIA OTT, University of Erlangen. 234
D.A. KING, University of Frankfurt. 508 AYLIN OZMAN, Hacettepe University, Ankara. 342
E. KOHLBERG, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 162, D. PANZAC, IREMAM, Aix-en-Provence. 4
483 L. PAUL, University of Gottingen. 491
G.C. KOZLOWSKI, DePaul University, Chicago. 97 J.R. PERRY, University of Chicago. 444
P.G. KREYENBROEK, University of Gottingen. 316 ESTHER PESKES, University of Bonn. 45
REMKE KRUK, University of Leiden. 32 R. PETERS, University of Amsterdam. 63, 172, 510
AUTHORS VII
T. PHILIPP, University of Erlangen. 393 B. SHOSHAN, Ben Gurion University of the Negev. 3
CH. PIGARD, University of Toulouse. 226 MOHAMMAD YUSUF SIDDIQ, Zayed University, Dubai.
ELIZABETH PICARD, Centre National de la Recherche 237
Scientifique, Aix-en-Provence. 403 HUSSEIN SIRRIYEH, Leeds University. 476
R. PINILLA-MELGUIZO, University of Cordoba. 14, 15, G.R. SMITH, University of Manchester. 48, 225, 236,
18 269, 274, 292, 342, 381, 524, 572
I. POONAWALA, University of California, Los Angeles. S. SOUCEK, Princeton University. 225
390 J.L. SPAULDING, Kean College, Union, New Jersey. 11
A. POPOVIC, Centre National de la Recherche F.H. STEWART, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 174
Scientifique, Paris. 322, 446 N. STILLMAN, University of Oklahoma, Normal. 242
D.S. POWERS, Cornell University. 75 W. STOETZER, University of Leiden. 28, 181, 200,
CRISTINA DE LA PUENTE, University of Madrid. 17 377, 509
GHADA AL-HIJJAWI AL-QADDUMI, Safat, Kuwait. 263, JACQUELINE SUBLET, Centre National de la Recherche
571 Scientifique, Paris. 346
B. RADTKE, University of Utrecht. 56, 112 R. TALMON, University of Haifa. 349
ABDUL-KARIM RAFEQ, College of William and Mary, H.G.B. TEULE, University of Nijmegen. 262
Williamsburg, Virginia. 334, 367 the late G.R. TIBBETTS, Oxford. 105, 108, 110, 369
FJ. RAGEP, University of Oklahoma. 556 AMIN TIBI, University of Oxford. 355, 427, 466, 516,
MUNIBUR RAHMAN, Oakland University, Rochester, 559
Michigan. 25 [J. TKATSCH]. 5
S.A. AL-RASHID, King Saud University, Riyadh. 16 SHAWKAT M. TOORAWA, Cornell University. 105, 106,
W. RAVEN, University of Frankfurt. 161 108, 369
S. REESE, Xavier University, New Orleans. 539 HOUARI TOUATI, Centre National de la Recherche
ANNE REGOURD, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 533
Scientifique, Paris. 10, 405 [A.S. TRITTON, London]. 572
S. REICHMUTH, University of Bochum. 338 J.F. TROIN, University of Tours. 24
A.K. REINHART, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New ABDEL-MAGID TURKI, Centre National de la Recherche
Hampshire. 101 Scientifique, Paris. 396
Y. RICHARD, University of Paris. 484 D. URVOY, University of Toulouse. 142
M.E.J. RICHARDSON, University of Manchester. 513 B. UTAS, Uppsala University. 135
A. RIPPIN, University of Victoria, British Columbia. [V. VACCA, Rome]. 485
56, 152, 237, 249, 349, 351, 406 D.M. VARISCO, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New
C.F. ROBINSON, University of Oxford. 143 York. 487
E. ROGAN, University of Oxford. 159 CHANTAL DE LA VERONNE, Centre National de la
FATIMA ROLDAN CASTRO, University of Seville. 109 Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 183, 239
F. ROSENTHAL, Yale University. 345 C.H.M. VERSTEEGH, University of Nijmegen. 378, 379,
A. ROUAUD, Centre National de la Recherche 434
Scientifique, Paris. 248, 456, 481 K.S. VIKQR, University of Bergen. 213, 466
U. RUDOLPH, University of Zurich. 7 the late F. VIRE, Centre National de la Recherche
Y. SABAR, University of California, Los Angeles. 425 Scientifique, Paris. 109, 183, 283, 294, 458
ABDULAZIZ SACHEDINA, University of Virginia. 534 J.O. VOLL, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.
NOHA SADEK, University of Lyons. 371 451
T. SAGUCHI, Kanazawa. 347 E. WAGNER, University of Giessen. 127, 281
MONDHER SAKLY, University of Sfax. 169 D. WAINES, University of Lancaster. 370, 381, 486
J.-F. SALLES, University of Lyons. 397 P.E. WALKER, University of Chicago. 209
J. SAMSO, University of Barcelona. 462, 508 WIEBKE WALTHER, University of Tubingen. 387, 477
F. SANAGUSTIN, University of Lyons. 382 B.G. WEISS, University of Utah. 7
T. SATO, University of Tokyo. 223 [A.J. WENSINCK, Leiden]. 213
EMILIE SAVAGE-SMITH, University of Oxford. 399 I. WILKS, Ceredigion, Wales. 138
A. SAWIDES, Aegean University, Rhodes. 214, 333, R. WISNOVSKY, Harvard University. 253
384, 426 CHRISTINE WOODHEAD, University of Durham. 57, 163,
AYMAN F. SAYYID, Egyptian National Library. 33 202, 254
W. SCHMUCKER, University of Bonn. 245 O. WRIGHT, University of London. 492
G. SCHOELER, University of Basel. 376, 402 M.E. YAPP, University of London. 198, 363
R. SEESEMANN, University of Bayreuth. 538 E. YARSHATER, Encyclopaedia Iranica, New York. 555
R. SELLHEIM, University of Frankfurt. 48, 317, 549 NEGUIN YAVARI, Institute of Ismaili Studies, London.
B. SEMMOUD, University of Artois. 51 222
J. SESIANO, Ecole Polytechnique Federale, Lausanne. S. YERASIMOS, University of Paris. 335, 337
31 [G. YVER, Algiers]. 146
[C.F. SEYBOLD, Tubingen]. 21 MUHAMMAD QASIM ZAMAN, Brown University. 188, 258
URSULA SEZGIN, University of Frankfurt. 164 TH. ZARCONE, Centre National de la Recherche
C. SHACKLE, University of London. 2, 125 Scientifique, Paris. 115, 296, 452, 535
R. SHAHAM, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 300 [K.V. ZETTERSTEEN, Uppsala]. 129
IRFAN SHAHID, Georgetown University, Washington, E.J. ZURCHER, University of Leiden. 332, 363
B.C. 369, 461 A. ZYSOW, Harvard University. 422
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA
VOLUME I
P. 511b, ANKARA^ add to BibL T.M. Cross and G. Leiser, A brief history of Ankara, Vaccaville, Calif. 2000.
P. 1131b, BAYHAKI, add to BibL: F. Bertotti, L'opera dello storico persiano Bayhaqi, Naples 1991: Julie S. Meisami,
Persian historiography to the end of the twelfth century, Edinburgh 1999, 79-108.
VOLUME III
P. 455b, HIND BINT CUTBA, add to BibL Renate Jacobi, Portrait einer unsympathetischen Frau: Hind bint 'Utba,
die Feindin Mohammeds, in W^KM, Ixxxix (1999), 85-107.
P. 885b, IBN AL-MUKAFFA', add to BibL J.D. Latham, art. Ebn al-Moqqffac, in EIr, viii, 39-43 (includes
material expanding the same author's ch. in CHAL, II, (Abbasid belles-lettres, Cambridge 1990, 48-
77, and making certain corrections to it); Mirella Cassarino, L'aspetto morale e religioso neWopera di
Ibn al-Muqaffac, Soveria Mannelli (Catanzaro) 2000.
P. 1117a, ILEK-KHANS or KARAKHANIDS, add to BibL Re§at Gene, Karahanli devlet tefkilati (XL yiizyil),
Istanbul 1981; M.N. Fedorov, Notes on the Qardkhdnids and their coinage - /, in Suppl. to the Oriental
Numismatics Society Newsletter, no. 165, London 2000, 1-52; Notes... - II, in Suppl...., no. 168,
London 2001, 1-48.
VOLUME V
P. 486b, AL-KURDJ, 1. 16, add: Concerning the etymology of the name, Pers. gurdj. and gurdfi are ultimately
identical with Grk. Iberes. The Armenian virkh for "Georgians" shows that the original form was
*vir. An Arm. form without the pi. suffix -kh is vrastan "Georgia", with normal loss of i in a non-
final syllable, cf. Pers. gura^istdn, older gurdj_astdn. Pers. gurdji shows the normal development of O
Pers. vi- to NP gu- and palatalisation of the velar before i, gurdj. being a back formation. European
designations like Ital. Georgia are transformations by popular etymology of guraji, possibly from a
Class. Ar. djirffi so far unattested. Georgian kartuelebi, sakartvelo, etc. originally designated only the
area around Tbilisi, so that *vir is probably the original name of the Georgians. (F. Thiesen)
VOLUME VII
P. 445b, MUHAMMAD MURTADA, add to BibL ZiriklT, Aclam\ vii, 297-8; Kahhala, Mu'allifin, xi, 282-
3; cAbd al-Rahman al-Ahdal, al-Nafas al-yamdm, Sanca' 1979, 239-52; Kattam, Fihris al-fahdris, Beirut
1402/1982, i, 527-43, ii, 621-4; M.M. al-Dimyatl, Mu'&am asrna* al-nabdtdt al-wdrida fi Tddj. al-carus
li 'l-^abldi, Cairo 1966; H. al-Djasir, Na^ardt fi kitdb Tddj_ al-carus min ajawdhir al-Kdmus li 'l-Sayyid
Muhammad Murtadd al-^abidi, al-Riyad 1987; H.T. Shalash, al-Adwiya wa 'l-adwd* f, mu'ajam Tdaj al-
carus, Baghdad 1408/1987; H. Nassar, al-Mucdjam al-'arabi, Cairo 1408/1988, ii, 604-40; R.L. Lari,
cAlldma Sayyid Murtadd Bilgrdmi ^abidi. Haydt awr cilmi kdrndma, Lakhnaw 1990; S. Reichmuth, Murtadd
az-^abidi (d. 1791) in biographical and autobiographical accounts. . ., in WI (1999), 64-102.
P. 1007a, NASIR-I KHUSRAW, add to BibL Alice C. Hunsberger, Nasir Khusraw: the ruby of Badakhshan. A
portrait of the Persian poet, traveller and philosopher, London and New York 2000.
VOLUME VIII
P. 64a, NISHAPURI, add to end of first paragraph: The alleged text of the Salajiik-ndma, indifferently pub-
lished by Isma'il Afshar at Tehran in 1322/1953 is, in the opinion of A.H. Morton, the work of
Abu '1-Kasim Kashanl (whose literary activity seems to span the years between 699/1300 and
716/1316), and is quite closely related to the section on the Saldjuks in the ^dmic al-tawdnkh of
Rashld al-Dln Fadl Allah [q.v.]. Mr Morton is producing a critical text, based on the R.A.S. Pers.
ms. 22b, of an anonymous history of the Saldjuks dedicated to Sultan Toghril III b. Arslan and
apparently written during his reign. This seems to be one of the later works exploiting the orig-
inal Sala^uk-ndma (if this was indeed its actual name) of Zahlr al-Dm, and the editor believes that
his final text, which will take into account readings from parallel historical sources, will be as close
as we are likely to get to the text of the original Salajuk-ndma.
VOLUME X
P. 164b, TALIB AMULI, add to BibL Mireille Schnyder, Die "Wunderfiigmsse" der Welt. %ur Bedeuting von
Metapher und Vergleich in der deutschen und persischen Dichtung des 17. Jahrhunderts, Bern/Frankfurt a.M.,
etc. 1992, 167-81.
P. 530a, TINA, replace beginning of second paragraph, II. 43-55, with: As a technical term of philosophy, tina is
used in some early Arabic translations from the Greek, and in the first period of Arabic philo-
sophical writing, to render the basic meaning of Greek i)A,T|, Ar. hayuld [q.v.], as "matter, material
substrate" (synonymously with mddda], especially in the sense of the Aristotelian Prime Matter, the
substratum of the forms of the primary bodies or aioixeux (ustukussdt, fandsir], while hayuld renders the
general usage of \)X,rj as of "matter relative to form". See e.g. tina for \$Aj| in Ibn al-Mukaffac's
introduction to the Organon (al-Mantik li-Ibn al-Mukqffaf, ed. M.T. Danishpazhuh, Tehran 1978, 4,4);
in an early version of Aristotle's De anima, 403bl8, ed. CA. Badawi,
P. 644a, TUNISIA. II. HISTORY, (a) The pre-Islamic period, add to BibL arts. C. Nicolet, Les guerres puniques
and J. Desanges, L'Afrique romaine et libyco-berbere, in Nicolet, Rome et la conquete du monde meditenaneen,
ii, Paris 1993; Cl. Lepelley, L'Afrique, in F. Jacques, Rome et ^integration de I'Empire, ii, Paris 1998;
A. Mahjoubi, Villes et structures urbaines de la province romaine d'Afrique, Tunis 2000.
XVI ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA
opposite
P. 770, CUD, Fig. 1, 3rd col., 1. 10, for 8182/6561, read 8192/6561.
P. 787a, 'UKAYLIDS, add to BibL 1. Sources. Ibn al-KalanisI; Sibt Ibn al-Djawzi; Ibn al-cAdrm. 2.
Studies. Th. Bianquis, Damas et la Syrie sous la domination fdtimide, 2 vols. Damascus 1987-9, i,
154-6, ii, 601-15; H. Kennedy, The 'Uqaylids of Mosul, in Adas del XII Congreso de la U.EA.L, Malaga
n.d.; Bianquis, Rahba et le Diyar Mudar, de la fondation de la ville a la conquete seljoucide, in BEO, xli-
xlii (1989-90), 23-53.
P. 824a, 'UMAR B. HAFSUN, 1. 4, for [see BARBASHTURU] read [see BUBASHTRU, in Suppl.].
P. 833a, CUMAR KHAYYAM, J. 3, for 28, 32, read 28, 33.
P. 836b, 'UMARA AL-YAMANI, add to BibL P. Smoor, 'Umdm's elegies and the lamp of loyalty, in AI, xxxiv
(2000), 467-564; idem, 'Umdm's odes describing the Imam, in AI, xxxv (2001), 1-78.
P. 846b, UMAYYADS, 1. 14 from below, add to BibL: al-Baladhun, al-Ansab al-ashrdf, complete ed.
S. Zakkar and Ziriklr, 13 vols. Beirut 1996.
P. 928b, USUL, 1. 5 from bottom, for harf/^arr, read harf (garr.
VOLUME XI
P. 2a, VIDJAYANAGARA, 1. 6, for (1568-1614) read (1586-1614); 1. \Q, for Sri Raya Ill's read Sn Ranga
Raya Ill's; and add to BibL'. H. Heras, The Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagara, Madras 1927; B.A. Saletore,
Social and political life in the Vijayanagara empire (A.D. 1346-A.D. 1646), 2 vols. Madras 1934;
N. Venkataramanayya, Studies in the history of the Third Dynasty of Vijayanagara, Madras 1935;
R. Sewell, A forgotten* empire - Vijayanagara, repr. New Delhi 1962; N. Karasimha, Towards a new
formation. South Indian society under Vijaynagara rule, Delhi 1992; S. Subrahmanyam, Agreeing to disagree.
Burton Stein on Vijayanagara, in South Asia Research, xvii (Autumn 1997), 127-39.
P. 246b, YAHYA B. AL-BITRIK, 1. 10, for and literature of the Rum of his time, read and writing system
of the Rum of his time,
in BibL, 1. 2, add pp. 290-1 to references in Plugel's edition.
P. 309a, YAZDI, 11. 9 and 14, for Dirgham al-Dawla KashkaT, read Daygham al-Dawla Kashka'f.
P. 333b, YERLIYYA, 1. 13, for page reference in U. Heyd, Ottoman documents on Palestine, 1522-1615, Oxford
1960, read 68-9.
11. 18-21, replace al-Muhibbr, Khuldsat. . . al-Tabbakh, flam, iii, 129) with al-Muhibbi, Khuldsa, ii,
129, iii, 156, 299, 427-8, iv, 449-50; al-Muradl, Silk, i, 106-7, ii, 63; al-Ghazzf, Nahr al-dhahab, iii,
266, 279; al-Tabbakh, flam, iii, 219).
P. 334a, 11. 37-8, for 1154-1175/1762-1741, read 1154-1175/1741-1762.
P. 355b, YUSUF B. 'ABID AL-IDRISI, 1. 3, for the deathdate 0/992/1584, read after 1036/1627.
V
VAN [see WAN]. ruler of Warangal. However, there were also periods
VARDAR [see WARDAR]. of peace, with a rough balance of power emerging
VARNA [see WARNA]. in the Deccan, as Muslim powers suspicious of Bahma-
VEYSEL [see 'ASHIK WEYSEL, in Suppl.]. nid expansion, such as those to the north, Khandesh,
VIDIN [see WIDIN].' Gudjarat and Malwa, gave tacit support to Vidjayana-
VIDJAYANAGARA, the name of a mediaeval gara, and there was also some cultural interaction;
Hindu power which covered large parts of Firuz Shah took a Vidjayanagara princess in mar-
the Deccan from the mid-14th century to the later riage. But it was an ignominious defeat at the hands
17th century and which is relevant to this Encyclo- of Devaraya I at Panagal in 822/1419 which led to
paedia because of the incessant warfare between its Flruz Shah's enforced abdication in 825/1422. His
Radjas (some sixty of whom, from various, distinct successor Ahmad I Shah wrought a condign revenge
lineages, issued royal inscriptions claiming sovereignty on both Vidjayanagara and its recent ally Warangal
over India south of the Krishna river) and the Muslim in 827/1424 and then on the former in 836/1433.
sultanates of the Deccan. It appears in Indo-Muslim According to the Muslim historian Firishta, Devaraya
sources as Bidjanagar. II, the greatest ruler of the Sangama line of Vidjayana-
The name Vidjayanagara, meaning "City of vic- gara recruited Muslim archers and cavalrymen for his
tory", was that of the state's original capital on the army (an inscription of 1430 says that this ruler had
upper Tungabhadra river. Its ruins lie at HampT in 10,000 Turuska, i.e. Muslim, lit. "Turkish", horsemen
the Bellary Division in the western part of the modern in his forces), and in 1433 used his armies to invade
Karnataka State of the Indian Union (lat. 15° 20' N., the Bahmanid lands. The historian cAbd al-Razzak
long. 76° 25' E.); for the mediaeval city and its build- al-Samarkandf led a mission to Vidjayanagara in 846-
ings, see HAMPI. The kingdom arose from the ruins 7/1443 and describes the splendour of the capital and
of four great Hindu dynasties which had ruled the its court and the flourishing state of the kingdom,
territories south of the Vindhya range on the eve of and especially of its ports on the Bay of Bengal (Matlac
the first Muslim penetration of the Deccan by the al-sacdayn; cf. S.H. Hodivala, Studies in Indo-Muslim his-
Dihli Sultan cAlas al-Din KhaldjI in 693/1294 [see tory, i, 1939, 410 ff.). The Bahmanid sultanate had a
KHALDJIS] . A Hindu reaction came in the time of the resurgence of power later in the 9th/15th century
Sultan Muhammad b. Tughluk [q.v], when an infant under Muhammad III Shah and his able minister
Hindu state arose in the Andhra coastlands along the Mahmud Gawan [q.v.], and the latter in campaigns
Bay of Bengal. The ancient Hindu Hoysala kingdom of 873-6/1469-72 captured Goa, which had in pre-
was overthrown by Vidjayanagara in 1346, but expan- vious decades passed into the orbit of Vidjayanagara,
sion by the new state was challenged in the south and brought Bahmanid authority to the coastal region
by the existence of the recently-established Muslim- of Konkar [q.v. in Suppl.] on the shores of the Arabian
sultanate of Madura on the Malabar coast [see Sea. Yet after Mahmud Gawan's death in 886/1481,
MA'BAR]. Nevertheless, this last ephemeral independent the Bahmanid sultanate fell into chaos and by
sultanate was extinguished by the Vidjayanagara 934/1528 dissolved into five local Muslim sultanates
Radjas in ca. 779/1377, and the Malabar region held of the Deccan.
by Hindu rulers until the short-lived Muslim conquest Vidjayanagara, too, was plunged into confusion
in the later llth/17th century by the Mughal emperor towards the end of the 15th century but was rescued
AwrangzTb [q.v.]. after 1509 by the energetic Tuluva line of Radjas.
To the north, the sultanate of the Bahmanids [q.v], By now a new factor was appearing on the coastlands
much more powerful than Madura had been, formed of the Arabian Sea in the shape of the Portuguese,
a barrier against both Vidjayanagara and the other established at Goa and elsewhere, and it was also now
main Hindu state of the eastern Deccan, Warangal that Vidjayanagara's main Muslim enemy became the
[q.v.]. The Bahmanids conquered Warangal by 830/ cAdil Shahs of Bidjapur [</.<w.]. The cAdil Shah Isma'Il
1425 but were never able to subdue Vidjayanagara. was decisively defeated near Raycur in 926/1520 by
Warfare between the two powers was frequent, with Krishnadevaraya, and his forces again worsted in
the Raycur [q.v] do'db, the land between the Tunga- 946/1539. In the middle years of the century, Rama-
badhra and Bhlma rivers, which Muhammad b. Tughluk raya successfully kept at bay not only the cAdil Shahs
had overrun, being the main bone of contention. The but also the Nizam Shahs and Kutb Shahs [</.w.],
Bahmanids attacked Telingana [q.v] in 763/1362, and until he was in turn defeated in 972/1565 by a coali-
there were several wars over the next decades between tion of four Muslim sultanates at the villages of
Muhammad I Bahman Shah (759-76/1358-75) and his Rakshasa and Tangadi, usually called the battle of
successors, such as Tadj al-Din Ffruz Shah (800-25/ Tallkota [q.v.], when Ramaraya was killed and
1397-1422), and the Rac^as of Vidjayanagara, with Vidjayanagara sacked and deprived of its glory.
Ffruz Shah frequently allied with the Hindu Velama The Vidjayanagara state survived for another century
2 VIDJAYANAGARA — WABA3
under the Aravidu line of rulers, but with diminished largely been written by Hindu Indian writers, and these
territory and revenues, and with the capital at first have often regarded Vidjayanagara as the guardian of
transferred south-eastwards to Penukonda, safer from the Hindu heritage in South India, with a historic mis-
Muslim attacks. Though deprived of its northern sion of resistance to Islam; in this same tradition,
provinces, it was still strong under Venkata II Raya Vidjayanagara has sometimes been regarded by them
(1568-1614), who ruled from a capital at Candragiri, not only as a mediaeval Indian state but also as the
allied with the Portuguese, received various foreign precursor of the Maratha confederacy [see MARATHAS] .
embassies and was in direct correspondence with Philip Bibliography: Majumdar (general ed.), The his-
II of Spain. It was Venkata III who in 1639 allowed tory and culture of the Indian people. VI. The Delhi
the English East India Company to build a fort at Sultanate, Bombay 1960, 271-325; VII. The Mughul
the village of Madras, which was named Fort St. Empire, Bombay 1974, 486-501; Habib and Nizami
George [see MADRAS]. But by now, Muslim pressure (eds.), A comprehensive history of India, V. The Delhi
was being strongly felt, with the cAdil Shahs extend- Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526], Delhi etc. 1970, 1028-
ing southwards into Mysore [see MAHISUR] and then 1103; H.K. Sherwani and P.M. Joshi (eds.), History
eastwards into Karnafaka, and the Kutb Shahs push- of medieval Deccan (1295-1724), Haydarabad 1973, i,
ing towards the Bay of Bengal and the Coromandel 79-139; B. Stein, Vijayanagara (= The New Cambridge
coast. The then Vidjayanagara capital of Vellore history of India, 1.2), Cambridge 1989, with full bibl.
was captured, and Sn Raya Ill's territories shrank See also HIND. IV. History. (C.E. BOSWORTH)
almost to nothing; he is last mentioned in an inscription VIZE [see WIZE].
of 1678. After Awrangzfb extinguished the sultanates VODINA [see WODINA].
of the cAdil and Kutb Shahs, the remaining Vidjayana- VOIVODE [see WOYWODA].
gara territories in the extreme southwestern tip of the VOLGA RIVER [see ITIL].
Deccan peninsula passed briefly under Mughal rule. VOLGA TATARS [see KAZAN; TURKS. I. History].
In modern times, apart from two or three British VOLOS [see KULUZ, in Suppl.].
pioneers, the history of Vidjayanagara has until recently VOYNUK [see WOYNUK].
W
WA-SOKHT, or "bitter repudiation (sc. of the In mediaeval Arabic medical treatises, one encounters
beloved)", a term of Perso-Urdu literary crit- the phrase "every td'un is a wabd3, but not every wabd3
icism which has two senses. First, it denotes a theme is a td'urf''. While it appears that the distinction had
intrinsic to Persian love poetry which came to be been kept in the early Hidjn centuries, it is doubtful,
prominently exploited for its own sake in the 10th/ however, whether later Muslim writers always used
16th-century Persian ghazal by such sabk-i hindi poets the two terms with the precise distinction in mind, and
as Wahshf (d. 991/1553), although the exclusive asso- it has been shown that considerable confusion existed
ciation with the latter suggested by Shibli (Shi'r al- in the usage of terminology.
cadjam, 3, 16) is to be questioned (P. Losensky, Welcoming 1. In the mediaeval Islamic world up to
Fighdni, Costa Mesa 1998, 82). Later, the term wd- the 10th/16th century.
sokht was used in the Urdu poetry of the 18th and Epidemics of smallpox and measles, and possibly
19th centuries to describe a stanzaic poem devoted of typhus, tuberculosis, cholera and dysentery, had
to the theme of repudiating the beloved. Like other been known since early Islam, yet the available infor-
such distinctive Urdu developments, this minor genre mation is too sparse and vague to enable precise
seems to have originated with the innovative poet knowledge of specific cases. Mediaeval Muslim med-
Sawda [q>v], who uses muthamman stanzas each conclud- icine, under Greek influence, considered as the cause
ing with a Persian verse. But musaddas stanzas were of such epidemics the pestilential corruption of the
preferred by later exponents of the wd-sokht, who environment, particularly the air (miasma).
notably include Mir Muhammad Takl, Djur'at and Enough material has survived to show that medical
Mu'min [q.w.]. A standardised semi-narrative struc- writers in early Islamic centuries understood td'un to
ture incorporating the inevitable sarapa came to mean both the bubonic plague and the swellings of
characterise the final phase of the wd-sokht which was the lymph glands so characteristic of this disease.
developed by minor poets of the later Lakhna'u school, Relying on Greek and Latin sources, and parallel to
such as Bahr, Rikkat and Shawk [q.v.]. Maximal the classical notion of the "black death", they speak
- exploitation of the inherently limited scope of the wd- of the "black td'un", the worst kind of plague, one of
sokht was achieved in the two extended examples by the prominent signs of which is the appearance of
Amanat (d. 1275/1858 [q.v.]), of 117 and 307 musaddas dark blotches under the skin. The 7th/13th-century
stanzas respectively. author Muhyi al-Dfn al-Nawawf [q.v.], for example,
Bibliography: Wd-sokht az Aghd Hasan Amanat, ed. speaks of "tumours. .. accompanied by a fiery inflam-
Mfrza Naslr Beg, Lahore 1964, 1-49. mation", of "palpitation of the heartbeat and nausea",
(C. SHACKLE) all symptoms which accord with modern medical data
WABA' (A., from wabi'a "to be contaminated", said collected on the bubonic plague. The physician Ibn
of a region or land affected by the plague), the medi- al-Nafis [q.v.] identified buboes with plague infection.
aeval Arabic term for "epidemic, pestilence", and The Andalusian historian Ibn al-Khatib [q.v.], a contem-
theoretically distinguished from tdcun, from tacana "to porary of the Black Death (see below), stands out in
pierce, stab", in the more specific sense of "plague". his opposition to the view of the jurists and his insistence