The Emergence of Indigenous Peoples

162 Pages·2013·3.539 MB·English

by  Rodolfo Stavenhagen (auth.)

SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science
and Practice
Texts and Protocols
Volume 3
Series Editor
Hans Günter Brauch
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/11446
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Rodolfo Stavenhagen
The Emergence of
Indigenous Peoples
123
Rodolfo Stavenhagen
Center forSociological Studies
ElColegiode Mexico
México, D.F.
Mexico
ISSN 2194-3125 ISSN 2194-3133 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-642-34143-4 ISBN 978-3-642-34144-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-34144-1
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012949709
(cid:2)TheAuthor(s)2013
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I am pleased to dedicate this book to my
numerous indigenous friends in many parts
of the world who have taught me the deep
sense of their struggles for human rights and
justice so long denied
Books by the Same Author Published
by Springer
– Rodolfo Stavenhagen: Pioneer on Indigenous Rights. Springer Briefs on
Pioneers in Science and Practice, vol. 2 – presented by Úrsula Oswald Spring
(Heidelberg – Dordrecht – London – New York: Springer-Verlag, 2013).
– Rodolfo Stavenhagen: Peasants, Culture and Indigenous Peoples: Critical
Issues. Springer Briefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice, vol. 4, Subseries
with Texts and Protocols, vol. 1 (Heidelberg – Dordrecht – London –
New York: Springer-Verlag, 2013).
The cover photograph of a group of young Masai women in Kenya was taken
duringafieldmissionbyRodolfoStavenhagenasthefirstUnitedNationsSpecial
Rapporteuronthehumanrightsofindigenouspeoples.(Fromtheauthor’sprivate
collection.)
vii
With Mapuche community in Chile at the site of a proposed dam. Source: Personal photo
collectionoftheauthor
RodolfoStavenhagenwithSheilaWattsClouthier,InuitdefenderoftheArcticEnvironment,in
Nunavut,Canada.Source:Personalphotocollectionoftheauthor
Acknowledgments
The author is exceedingly grateful to Hans Günter Brauch, the most efficient and
dynamic editor of these three Springer books, he has prepared on the occasion of
my eightieth birthday.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Classes, Colonialism and Acculturation (1965) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Indians and Ladinos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 The Land and Social Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 Production Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.2 Land Tenure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.3 Commercial Relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Social Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.1 Intra-Ethnic Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.2 Inter-Ethnic Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4 Social Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.1 Ladinos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5 The Dynamics of Inter-Ethnic Relations: Classes,
Colonialism, and Acculturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5.1 Colonial Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5.2 Class Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.5.3 Social Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.5.4 Ladinization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3 Indigenous Peoples: An Introduction (2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2 Who Are Indigenous Peoples?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3 State Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.1 Assimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.2 Multiculturalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4 International Human Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5 The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. . . . . 51
3.6 Indigenous Peoples Right to Land, Territory,
and Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
xi
xii Contents
3.7 Indigenous Peoples the Struggle Over Resources. . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.8 Impacts of Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.9 Indigenous Peoples Legislation and Justice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.9.1 Administration of Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.9.2 Customary Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.10 Indigenous Peoples Right to Education and Culture. . . . . . . . . 59
3.11 Levels of Living and Socioeconomic Development . . . . . . . . . 61
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4 The Return of the Native: The Indigenous Challenge
in Latin America (2002). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1 Indians, Mestizos and State Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.2 Ethnic Cultures versus National Culture? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 Indigenous Peoples in Comparative Perspective (2004) . . . . . . . . . 81
5.1 Who and Where. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.2 Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.3 The Land Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.4 Development and Indigenous Peoples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.5 Homelands and Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.6 Civil Wars and Violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.7 Profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.7.1 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.7.2 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.7.3 Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.7.4 Guatemala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.7.5 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.7.6 Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.8 Education and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.8.1 Multiculturalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.9 Convention on Biological Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.10 Social Organization, Local Government, Customary Law. . . . . 114
5.11 Poverty, Levels of Living, Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . 116
5.12 Political Representation, Autonomy, Self-Determination. . . . . . 118
6 Mexico’s Unfinished Symphony: The Zapatista
Movement (2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7 Struggle and Resistance: Mexico’s Indians in Transition (2006). . . 137
7.1 From the Zapatista Uprising to Constitutional Reform . . . . . . . 137
7.2 The State and Indigenous Human Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.3 Major Issues Confronting Indigenous Communities . . . . . . . . . 140
7.4 Indigenous Rights and the Justice System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143