the emergence of apartment buildings in nineteenth century i̇stanbul a thesis

245 Pages·2004·47.42 MB·English

NEW INTERPRETATIONS OF DOMESTIC SPACE AND LIFE:
THE EMERGENCE OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS
IN NINETEENTH CENTURY İSTANBUL

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
OF
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

BY

DİLŞAD GÖZÜBÜYÜK MELEK

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ART
IN
THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

DECEMBER 2004
Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences

________________________

Prof. Dr. Sencer AYATA
Director

I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of
Master of Arts.

________________________

Prof. Dr. Suna GÜVEN
Head of Department

This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully
adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts.

________________________

Assist. Prof. Lale ÖZGENEL
Supervisor

Examining Committee Members

Prof. Dr. Ömür BAKIRER (METU, REST) ______________

Assist. Prof. Lale ÖZGENEL (METU, AH) ______________

Assist. Prof. Elvan ALTAN ERGUT (METU, AH) ______________
I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and
presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare
that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced
all material and results that are not original to this work.

Name, Last name: Dilşad GÖZÜBÜYÜK MELEK

Signature :

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ABSTRACT

NEW INTERPRETATIONS OF DOMESTIC SPACE AND LIFE:
THE EMERGENCE OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS
IN NINETEENTH CENTURY İSTANBUL

GÖZÜBÜYÜK MELEK, Dilşad

M.A. Department of History of Architecture

Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Lale ÖZGENEL

December 2004, 245 pages

This thesis attempts to study the architectural and the social changes brought by the
multi-story apartment buildings which emerged in the nineteenth century İstanbul, in
especially Galata-Pera region. A brief introduction to the modernization attempts of
the Ottoman Empire, and also to the traditional dwellings and daily life of the
Ottoman households before the nineteenth century constitute the first sections of the
study. The architectural and the urban developments such as the new building
regulations, architectural styles and building types as well as the social and cultural
changes that brought new cultural habits and life styles in the modernization period,
are also studied in this context. A group of apartments with different plans, size and
locations are chosen as a sample so as to point out and discuss the layout of the
constituent spaces like the halls, foyers, corridors, substantial rooms and wet spaces.
Respectively the changing meaning of the ‘house’ and daily life are also pointed out.
In relation to these, facade organizations, plans, functional and spatial features and
the privacy of spaces in the sample apartment buildings and their flats, and the daily
life and the privacy of the apartment residents are studied and discussed in
comparison to the traditional Ottoman house and the contemporary Parisian
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apartments to present a comparative perspective. Consequently, ‘similarities’,
‘differences’, and ‘innovations’ concerning the nineteenth century İstanbul
apartments are discussed and listed at the end of the thesis. Several tables which are
designed to contribute to the arguments presented in the study are also added to the
thesis.

Key words: Nineteenth century İstanbul, Galata-Pera, apartment buildings, spatial
features, privacy.

v
ÖZ

KONUT MEKANI VE YAŞAMI ÜZERİNE YENİ YORUMLAR:
ONDOKUZUNCU YÜZYILDA İSTANBUL’DA APARTMANLARIN ORTAYA
ÇIKIŞI

GÖZÜBÜYÜK MELEK, Dilşad

Yüksek Lisans, Mimarlık Tarihi Bölümü

Tez Yöneticisi: Assist. Prof. Lale ÖZGENEL

Aralık 2004, 245 sayfa

Bu tez on dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarında İstanbul ve özellikle Galata-Pera
bölgesinde yapılmaya başlanan apartmanların ortaya çıkardığı mimari ve kültürel
değişimleri çalışacaktır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndaki modernleşme çabaları ve on
dokuzuncu yüzyıl öncesi geleneksel Osmanlı evi ve gündelik yaşamı tezin ilk
bölümlerini oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, batılılaşma döneminde geliştirilen yeni
imar düzenlemeleri, mimari akımlar ve bina tipolojilerini de içeren mimari ve kentsel
düzenlemelerle, yeni kültürel alışkanlıkları ve yaşam tarzlarını kapsayan sosyal ve
kültürel değişimler de çalışılmıştır. Değişik plan, boyut ve konumlamalara sahip bir
grup apartman binası hol, giriş holleri, koridorlar, ‘yaşama’ mekanları ve ıslak
mekanlar gibi mekanlara dikkat çekmek ve tartışmak için örnek olarak ele alınmıştır.
‘Ev’ ve gündelik yaşamın değişen anlamları da ayrıca ele alınmıştır.
Apartmanlardaki cephe düzenlemeleri, planlar, işlevsel ve mekansal özellikler ve
mekanlardaki mahremiyet, ve gündelik yaşam ve oturanların mahremiyeti geleneksel
Osmanlı evi ve çağdaş Paris apartmanları ile bir karşılaştırma oluşturacak şekilde
çalışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak İstanbul apartmanlarında ortaya çıkan ‘benzerlikler’,
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‘farklılıklar’ ve ‘yenilikler’ tartışılmış ve sıralanmıştır. Ayrıca ileri sürülen tezlere
katkı sağlamak amacıyla oluşturulan çeşitli tablolar çalışmanın sonuna eklemiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: On dokuzuncu yüzyıl İstanbul’u, Galata-Pera, apartmanlar,
mekansal özellikler, mahremiyet

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am especially grateful to my supervisor Assist. Prof. Lale Özgenel for her valuable
assistance, insight, patient guidance and encouragement during the preparation of
this study. I extend my thanks also to the committee members Prof. Dr. Ömür
Bakırer and Assist. Prof. Elvan Altan Ergut for their constructive advices and
comments. I am also extremely grateful to Assoc. Prof. Murat Güvenç for his
guidance, for providing Goad maps and generously sharing his unpublished work
that was crucial for the completion of this thesis. I am also indebted to my parents
Şakir and Aysel Gözübüyük for their continuous support and to my brother Remzi
Gözübüyük for his guidance and encouragement. A vote of gratitude must also go to
my cousin Zeynep Baloğlu Solmaz who assisted me during my visit to the sample
apartments in İstanbul. Last but not least I thank my dearest husband Kahraman for
his indescribable help on the preparation of the visual material used in the study and
his support, encouragement and understanding during the completion of this thesis.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PLAGIARISM.........................................................................................................iii

ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................iv

ÖZ............................................................................................................................vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................ix

LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................xii

CHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................1

2. MODERNIZATION OF THE OTTOMAN STATE AND
CULTURE.......................................................................................5

2.1. Reforms for Westernization..................................................5

2.2. Architectural Program in the Period of Modernization........10

2.2.1. New Building Types and Codes...............................12

2.2.2. Public Buildings.......................................................15

2.2.3. Domestic Architecture..............................................17

2.2.3.1. Traditional Type of Houses Constructed
with New Architectural Elements..............17

2.2.3.2. New Housing Types...................................18

3. THE HOUSE AND HOUSEHOLD IN THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE: BEFORE AND AFTER MODERNIZATION................23

3.1. District and Family...............................................................23

3.2. Plan and Spatial Components...............................................26

3.3. The Daily Life of Women.....................................................30
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3.4. The Change in the Family, House and Daily Life................34

3.4.1. Status of Women......................................................37

3.4.2. Leisure and Consumption.........................................39

3.4.3. Pera as the Initiator of Change.................................46

4. MULTI-STORY APARTMENTS IN NINETEENTH
CENTURY İSTANBUL..................................................................51

4.1. An Overview of the Apartment Blocks................................54

4.2. General Characteristics of the Sample Apartment
Buildings in Galata-Pera Region..........................................57

4.2.1. Substantial Rooms....................................................61

4.2.2. Transition and Service Spaces..................................62

4.2.3. Wet Spaces...............................................................65

4.3. Space and Daily Life in the Apartment Flats........................66

4.4. The Nineteenth Century Context: The Ottoman and the
French Apartment.................................................................70

4.4.1. From the Early Hôtel to the Nineteenth Century
Apartment in Paris....................................................74

4.4.2. A Comparative Look to the General Features of
the Ottoman and Parisian Apartments ......................80

5. CONCLUSION................................................................................84

FIGURES.....................................................................................................92

REFERENCES.............................................................................................200

APPENDICES

A. GOAD, PERVITITICH AND NİRVEN MAPS THAT
SHOW THE SAMPLE APARTMENT BUILDINGS.........210

B. NAMES OF THE SAMPLE APARTMENTS IN
DIFFERENT SOURCES.....................................................211

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