The Effects of Antibodies in Disease Progression of MOG-induced Experimental Autoimmune

75 Pages·2016·2.08 MB·English

University of Wisconsin Milwaukee
UWM Digital Commons
Theses and Dissertations
May 2015
The Effects of Antibodies in Disease Progression of
MOG-induced Experimental Autoimmune
Encephalomyelitis
Melissa Marie Riter
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
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Encephalomyelitis" (2015).Theses and Dissertations. 833.
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THE EFFECTS OF ANTIBODIES IN DISEASE
PROGRESSION OF MOG-INDUCED
EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
by
Melissa Marie Riter

A Thesis Submitted in
Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of

Master of Science
in Biomedical Sciences

at
The University of Wisconsin Milwaukee
May 2015
ABSTRACT
THE EFFECTS OF ANTIBODIES IN DISEASE PROGRESSION OF MOG-
INDUCED EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
by
Melissa Marie Riter

The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2015
Under the Supervision of Professor Jerri-Annette Lyons

Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an auto-inflammatory disease of the central
nervous system (CNS), affecting over 400,000 people in the US. MS is primarily
studied in the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
MS is a T cell mediated disease but there is mounting evidence for a role for B
cells in MS. Previous studies have established that rMOG Induction depends on
the presence of B cells, while induction using the MOG peptide covering amino
acids 35-55 does not require B cells to cause disease. When plasma from the
rMOG and MOG35-55 immunized WT mice was analyzed by ELISA there
binding at MOG21-45, covering the encephalogenic epitope, and binding
covering the MOG46-85 amino acids, which was not expected. This epitope was
observed again in T cells when comparing the WT and B cell -/- mice. WT T cells
only bound MOG35-55 but T cells from B cell-/- mice also bound MOG61-85. The
same epitope observed in WT antibodies. This led to the conclusion that this was
a cryptic epitope and seemed to produce an anti-inflammatory response. Mice
coimmunized with both MOG35-55 and MOG61-85 similar results were observed
as in rMOG immunization. Coimmunized mice had less severe disease than
those immunized with just MOG35-55 giving further evidence that MOG61-85
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produces a protective response. When rMOG immunized B cell -/- mice were
given serum from rMOG primed WT mice clinical disease could be observed.
This was also true for coimmunized mice. Meaning it was B cell products in the
serum not the B cells themselves that was altering the immune response. When
serum from MOG35-55 and MOG61-85 primed rabbit serum was used after heat
inactivation, WT and B cell -/- mice showed more severe disease. B cell -/- mice
given the immune serum also had an earlier onset of disease. This demonstrated
that the most likely cause of the altered response was antibody. Cells from mice
coimmunized injected with either immune rabbit serum or preimmune rabbit
serum were cultured with MOG35-55 and MOG61-85, proliferation was
measured. The mice in the preimmune group had greater proliferation to both
peptides. This may be because the encephalogenic cells had already migrated to
the CNS in the immune group. When T cells were cultured again with purified
antibody, from rMOG primed mice, proliferation decreased in all the wells with
antibody added, but when injected into coimmunized mice similar disease was
observed as seen in the mice given immune serum. Over all these results
indicate a role for antibody in the processing and presentation of MOG in EAE.
This may be through the suppression of the presentation of MOG61-85 when
antibody is bound to MOG when it is taken up by antigen presenting cells.

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© Copyright Melissa Marie Riter, 2015
All Rights Reserved

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Dedicated in memory of my Grandmother Ardel Jensen
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I: Introduction ................................................................................................. 1
Multiple Sclerosis and Animal Model of Disease ................................................................. 1
The Immune Response in MS/EAE ....................................................................................... 5
Effector CD4+ T cells ........................................................................................................... 5
Cytotoxic T cells .................................................................................................................... 6
Regulatory T cells ................................................................................................................. 7
Type 2 helper T cells .......................................................................................................... 10
B cells in MS/EAE ............................................................................................................... 12
B cells as APCs ................................................................................................................... 12
Cytokine production by B cells .......................................................................................... 15
The role of antibody in MS/EAE ....................................................................................... 16
Regulatory B cells ............................................................................................................... 19
Previous Studies ..................................................................................................................... 20
Hypothesis and Aims ............................................................................................................. 23
Specific Aims: ......................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter II: Materials and Methods........................................................................... 25
Mice .......................................................................................................................................... 25
Antigens ................................................................................................................................... 25
Immunizations ......................................................................................................................... 25
EAE grading ............................................................................................................................ 26
Cell culture ............................................................................................................................... 27
Serum collection ..................................................................................................................... 28
Purification of IgG Antibody .................................................................................................. 28
Antigen Presenting Cell Preparation ................................................................................... 29
T cell purification ..................................................................................................................... 30
Proliferation.............................................................................................................................. 30
Serum Antibody ELISA .......................................................................................................... 31
Statistics ................................................................................................................................... 32
Chapter III: Results ...................................................................................................... 33
Chapter IV: Discussion and Conclusion ................................................................ 43
Discussion................................................................................................................................ 43
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 48
Chapter V: References ................................................................................................ 51

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Serum antibody ELISA of rMOG or MOG35-85 peptide immunized
mice. ............................................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 2: B cell-/- mice, but not WT B6 mice, respond to MOG61-85, when
immunized with rMOG.. ............................................................................................................. 21
Figure 3: Coimmuization of B6 mice with MOG35-55 and MOG61-85 at different
sited (left side) or at same site (right side) ameliorates EAE.. ............................................ 22
Figure 4: Immunization with MOG35-85 peptide results in a decreased disease
severity in WT and B cell -/- animals as compared to the animals immunized with
MOG35-55.. ................................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 5: WT and B cell -/- mice were coimmunized with MOG35-55 and
MOG61-85, with preimmune rabbit serum or serum isolated from rabbits
immunized with the 2 MOG peptides.. .................................................................................... 33
Figure 6: Mean disease severity over the course of the disease course seen
above in WT and B cell-/- mice. ............................................................................................... 33
Figure 7: To investigate the mechanism of protection in recipients of immune
serum, the experiment was repeated with B cell -/- and IL-10 -/- mice.. ........................... 34
Figure 8: The Mean disease severity was determined using the area under the
curve on the disease course graphs.. ..................................................................................... 35
Figure 9: The immune response to MOG35-55 and MOG61-85 in mice receiving
pre-immune or immune serum at the time of immunization was investigated using
the CCK-8 proliferation assay.. ................................................................................................ 36
Figure 10: Flow cytometry of purified T cell suspension.. .................................................. 37
Figure 11: Proliferation response to MOG35-55 and MOG61-85 in purified T
cells from the LN in B cell -/- mice coimmunized given either immune or
preimmune serum was investigated using the CCK-8 assay.. ........................................... 38
Figure 12: Serum antibody ELISAs of serum and purified antibody from rMOG
immunized WT mice. ................................................................................................................. 39
Figure 13: Proliferation response of purified T cells from the LN of B cell -/- mice
coimmunized, and incubated with naïve APCs after 72 hours of culture.. ........................ 40
Figure 14: Coimmunized B cell -/- injected with immune IgG, naïve IgG, or
immune serum and followed for clinical signs of disease. ................................................... 41
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Figure 15: Effect of antibody on epitope selection. .............................................................. 50

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AAALAC association for assessment and accreditation of laboratory animal care
ANOVA analysis of variance
APC antigen presenting cell
aa amino acid
B-/- B cell deficient
BCR B cell receptor
C Celsius
CNS central nervous system
Con A concanavalin A
CSF cerebral spinal fluid
EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
FBS fetal bovine serum
FoxP3 forkhead box p3
µg microgram
GA glatiramer acetate
HBSS Hanks Balanced Salt Solution
Ig immunoglobulin
IFN interferon
IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin
IL-10-/- interleukin-10 deficient
IL interleukin
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