the effect of kigelia africana fruit extract on blood glucose in diabetic induced mice

58 Pages·2015·3.29 MB·English

THE EFFECT OF KIGELIA AFRICANA
FRUIT EXTRACT ON BLOOD GLUCOSE IN
DIABETES INDUCED MICE

Author: TUMELO MUYENGA

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of Master of Clinical Pharmacy.

THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA

2015
I
COPYRIGHT

TUMELO MUYENGA
2015

All rights reserved: no part of this dissertation may be produced, stored in a retrievable system or
transmitted in any form by any means, electronic mechanical, photocopying or recording without
prior consent of the author

I
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this dissertation represents my own work and has not been presented either
wholly or in part for a degree at the University of Zambia or at any other University.
Signed……………………………………………………………….
This …………………. Day of ……………… 2015
Student: Tumelo Muyenga – 512807184
Signed………………………………………………………………..
Supervisor: DR L.T. MUUNGO, PhD
HEAD LECTURER
Pharmacy Department
University of Zambia, Lusaka.
DR A.G. BWALYA, PhD
LECTURER
Pharmacy Department
University Of Zambia, Lusaka
DR L. PRASHAR, MD
LECTURER II
Pharmacy Department
University Of Zambia, Lusaka
II
APPROVAL
This dissertation of Ms Tumelo Muyenga is approved as fulfilling the requirement or partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Clinical Pharmacy by the
University of Zambia.

EXAMINERS
Examiner 1
Name :-----------------------------------------------------------
Signed :-----------------------------------------------------------
Date :-----------------------------------------------------------
Examiner 2.
Name :-----------------------------------------------------------
Signed :-----------------------------------------------------------
Date :-----------------------------------------------------------
Examiner 3.
Name :-----------------------------------------------------------
Signed :-----------------------------------------------------------
Date :-----------------------------------------------------------

III
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my mum and dad, (Mr and Mrs Muyenga) who inspired it as well as
my husband (Mr N. X. Akapelwa) for his unwavering support during the study.

IV
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the effect Kigelia africana fruit extract has on blood glucose levels of
diabetes mice and its phytochemical profile
Specific objectives:
1. To determine Kigelia africana fruit extracts’ effect on blood glucose levels when used alone
and concomitantly with Glibenclamide on mice.
2. To identify the basic phytochemical composition of the fruit extract.
Design: An analytical study involving aqueous and organic extraction of the fruit, conducting
phytochemical analysis of the extract and treating diabetes induced mice bred in Physiological
Sciences Department of University of Zambia with the extract.
Setting: Departments of Chemistry and Physiological Sciences of the University of Zambia
Method: 35 albino mice (18-30g) allocated in 5 groups of 7 according to treatment. Group 1-
Kigelia fruit extract 1000mg/kg, Group 2- Kigelia fruit extract 500mg/kg, Group 3-
Glibenclamide 0.25 mg/kg, Group 4- Kigelia fruit extract 500mg/kg and Glibenclamide
0.25mg/kg and Group 5- Normal Saline.
Aqueous and organic extracts were collected from fruit sample by boiling and maceration
respectively and tested for tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides and steroids.
Main outcome measures: RBS sugar of below 8mmol/l.
Results: The results showed a greater reduction in blood glucose of mice after treatment with
Kigelia extract 1000mg/kg compared to Kigelia 500mg/kg [(5.3 +/- 0.5mmol/l) vs (6.3+/-
0.6mmol/l), (p= 0.005)]. Further, Glibenclamide 0.25mg/kg showed less reduction in blood
glucose than Kigelia 1000mg/kg [(7.4+/-0.9mmol/l) vs (5.3 +/- 0.5), (p= 0.00)]. The mean blood
glucose levels were lower in mice that received Kigelia extract than those that received both
Kigelia extract and Glibenclamide [(5.3 +/- 0.5mmol/l) vs (7.8 +/- 0.6 mmol/l), (p=0.00)]
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The fruit extract tested positive for Tannins, Saponins, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, Glycosides and
Steroids.
Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that Kigelia africana fruit extract causes reduction in
blood glucose of diabetes induced mice and gives better results when used alone than in
concomitant use with Glibenclamide. The study also indicates that the fruit extract has alkaloids,
saponins, steroids, glycosides, tannins and flavonoids.

VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to acknowledge the following persons;
 The late Dr M.N. Munkombwe and Mr Lungu – Natural Products and Bioactivity Lab,
Department of Chemistry, University of Zambia.
 Mr F. Simwinga, Mr N. Simfukwe and Mr S.Bwali – Pharmacology Lab, School of Medicine,
University of Zambia.
 Prof P. Kelly for his support.
 Mr J Hangooma for his help during the study.
 Mr C. Kalungia- UNZA School of Medicine, Pharmacy Department.

VII
CONTENTS
Copy right…………………………………………………………………………………………..i
Declaration…………………………………………………………………………………………ii
Approval…………………………………………………………………………………………..iii
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………iv
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………….v
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………….vii
List of tables…………………………………………………………………………………….....xi
List of figures……………………………………………………………………………………...xi
Acronyms and abbreviations……………………………………………………………………xii
Definitions of key words………………………………………………………………………..xiii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..……1
1.1 Background……………………………………………………………………….…………….1
1.2 Statement of the problem……………………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Rational of study..………….…………………………………………………………………...2
1.4 Research questions……………………………………………………………………………...3
1.5 General objective………………………………………………………....................................3
1.5.1. Specific objectives………………………………………………………………………..3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review……………………………………………………………………………….5
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology……………………………………………………...……………...………….….9
3.1 Research designs …………………………………………...…….……………………….……9
3.2 Chemicals and tools ……………………………...………..……………..……...…………......9
3.3 Botanical identification of fruit…………………………………………………….….………..9
3.4 Ethical considerations…………………………………………………………………………10
3.5 Study subjects and sampling technique………………………………………………………..10
3.6 Collection of fruit extract………….....….…………………………...……………................11
3.7 Phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of fruit extract…………...12
3.7.1 Test for tannins………………………………..………..………………………………...12
3.7.2 Test for saponins …………………………...…………..………………....……………...12
3.7.3 Test for flavonoids………………………...…………………………………...….……...12
3.7.4 Test for alkaloids….……………………………………………….……....……………..12
3.7.5 Test for steroids …….………………………………….……………....………………...12
3.7.6 Glycoside test …………………………………………………………….………………13
3.7.7 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)…………………………………….………………..13
3.8 Test for Kigelia fruit extract on blood glucose…………………….….....................................13
3.8.1 Induction of diabetes in mice…………………………………………………………….13
3.8.2 Blood collection for data collection procedure…………………………….…………….15
3.9 Data analysis………………………………………....…………………………….………….15

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results………….…………………….…………….……………………...............................17
4.1 Phytochemical analysis and TLC..…………………………………………………………….17
4.2 Effect of Kigelia fruit extract on blood glucose…………………….………………………...22

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