The Effect of Fasted Vs Fed High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Metabolism and Diet

151 Pages·2016·0.79 MB·English

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Human Movement Sciences Theses &
Human Movement Sciences
Dissertations
Summer 2016
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William Joseph Perez
Old Dominion University, [email protected]
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Perez, William J.. "The Effect of Fasted vs Fed High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Metabolism and Diet"
(2016). Master of Science in Education (MSEd), Thesis, Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion
University, DOI: 10.25777/tx7d-3b11
https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/hms_etds/8
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THE EFFECT OF FASTED VS FED HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL EXERCISE ON
METABOLISM AND DIET

By

William Joseph Perez
B.S. May 2013, Old Dominion University

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of
Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN EDUCATION

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – EXERCISE SCIENCE AND WELLNESS

OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
August 2016

Approved by:

______________________________
Dr. David Swain (Chair)

______________________________
Dr. David Branch (Member)

______________________________
Dr. Patrick Wilson (Member)
Abstract

THE EFFECT OF FASTED VS FED HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL EXERCISE ON
METABOLISM AND DIET

William Joseph Perez
Old Dominion University, 2016
Chair: Dr. David P. Swain

The purpose of this study was to investigate immediate and delayed metabolic and dietary
responses to a single bout of cycling high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) performed in the
fasted and fed state. Baseline values of 11 subjects (6 female, 5 male) for resting energy
expenditure (REE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), resting VO , VO and appetite score
2 2max
(VAS) were measured on the first visit. Energy balance (EB) was determined using diet
tracking and activity energy expenditure (paEE). Trials followed a day at net energy balance
and began in a fasted state. A 240-kcal energy bar was consumed prior to (FED) or after
(FST) a high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) bout. Post-exercise VO was recorded for one
2
hour (60 of 70 minutes) immediately following HIIE. Metabolic variables were measured
before and 12 hours after exercise. Energy intake was not different between conditions the
day before trials (mean ± SD: 2060 ± 613 kcal FED, 2154 ± 666 kcal FST) or the 12 hours
after exercise (1695 ± 484 kcal FED, 1892 ± 822 kcal FST). Post-exercise VAS was greater
than 12 hours later (p < 0.01). Post-exercise EE (97.0 ± 15.2 kcal.hr-1 FED, 89.9 ± 17.2
kcal.hr-1 FST) was elevated from pre-exercise (70.8 ± 10.7 kcal.hr-1 FED; p < 0.01, 67.9 ±
10.2 kcal.hr-1 FST; p = 0.01). Post-exercise VO (272.2 ± 25.8 mL.hr-1.kg-1 FED, 254.2 ± 33.5
2
mL.hr-1.kg-1 FST) was elevated from pre-exercise (203.4 ± 25.4 mL.hr-1.kg-1 FED; p < 0.01,
195.6 ± 12.5 mL.hr-1.kg-1 FST; p < 0.01). Excess EE (26.2 ± 10.6 kcal FED, 22.0 ± 11.8 kcal
FST) and EPOC (68.8 ± 28.6 mL.kg-1 FED, 58.6 ± 32.5 mL.kg-1 FST) over 60 minutes did
not differ between conditions. Appetite was blunted in the hours following HIIE supporting
the transient effect of exercise on appetite. Excess EE and EPOC did occur in the hour
following exercise. However, whether a 240-kcal meal replacement bar was consumed
immediately before or shortly after morning HIIE did not significantly impact resulting
EPOC, RER, EI or appetite.
iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
LIST OF TABLES....…………………………………………………………………….…viii
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………..……ix
CHAPTERS…………………………………………………………………………………...1

I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………..1
PROBLEM………………………………………………………………………………...1
PURPOSE…………………………………………………………………………………1
METABOLIC MEASURES………………………………………………………2
NERVOUS SYSTEM …………………………………………………………......4
APPETITE AND ENERGY INTAKE……………………………………………4
HIIE………………………………………………………………………………..5
BASIS OF INTEREST……………………………………………………………7
HYPOTHESES……………………………………………………………………………8
DELIMITATIONS AND VARIABLES……………………………………………….…9
LIMITATIONS AND VALIDITY………………………………………………………..9
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS……………………………………………………..…10
SIGNIFICANCE AND APPLICATION………………………………………………...13

II. LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………………14
PART 1 - BACKGROUND RESEARCH……………………………………………….14
NARRATIVE 1: METABOLISM - EXERCISE………………………………..14
EPOC………………………………………………………………………...14
TRADITIONAL EXERCISE
PROTOCOLS………………………………………………………………………..16
HIIE…………………………………………………………………………..17
SEX DIFFERENCES IN EXERCISE METABOLISM……………………..20
SEX AND MENSTRUAL PHASE HAVE LITTLE IMPACT ON EPOC
OR REE………………………………………………………………….20
ROLE OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN EXERCISE METABOLISM…...22
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION……………….22
NARRATIVE 1 SUMMARY………………………………………………..25
NARRATIVE 2: EXERCISE - DIET ……………………………………………25
EXERCISE EFFECTS ON ENERGY INTAKE AND APPETITE…………25
EXERCISE EFFECTS ON DIET MODIFICATION OF ENERGY INTAKE
………………………………………………………………………………..26
HIIE EFFECTS ON ENERGY INTAKE AND APPETITE………………...27
NARRATIVE 2 SUMMARY………………………………………………..29
NARRATIVE 3: METABOLISM - DIET………………………………………29
METABOLIC RESPONSE TO FASTING………………………………….29
FASTING AND ENERGY INTAKE WITH CONSIDERATION FOR
ENERGY EXPENDITURE………………………………………………….32
v

FURTHER VAS INFORMATION………………………………………….33
NARRATIVE 3 SUMMARY………………………………………………..34
NARRATIVE 4: METABOLISM, DIET, EXERCISE INTERACTION……….34
FASTED TRAINING AND METABOLISM……………………………….34
ACUTE FASTED EXERCISE AND METABOLISM……………………...35
NARRATIVE 4 SUMMARY………………………………………………..37
PART 2 - PRIMARY EMPHASIS STUDIES…………………………………………..37
NARRATIVE 1: BASIS OF HYPOTHESIS……………………………………37
PAOLI ET AL. (2011) ………………………………………………………38
PURPOSE………………………………………………………………..38
METHODS………………………………………………………………38
RESULTS………………………………………………………………..39
AUTHORS' CONCLUSION…………………………………………….39
INTERPRETATION……………………………………………………..40
DEIGHTON ET AL. (2012) ………………………………………………...43
PURPOSE………………………………………………………………..43
METHODS………………………………………………………………43
RESULTS………………………………………………………………..44
AUTHORS' CONCLUSION…………………………………………….46
INTERPRETATION……………………………………………………..46
SEVITS ET AL. (2013) ……………………………………………………..49
PURPOSE………………………………………………………………..49
METHODS………………………………………………………………50
RESULTS………………………………………………………………..51
AUTHORS' CONCLUSION…………………………………………….52
INTERPRETATION……………………………………………………..53
NARRATIVE 1 SUMMARY………………………………………………..54
NARRATIVE 2: PILOT…………………………………………………………55
PEREZ ET AL., 2014………………………………………………………..55
PURPOSE AND INSPIRATION………………………………………..55
METHODS………………………………………………………………57
RESULTS………………………………………………………………..57
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS………………………………….58
PART 3 - APPLICATION AND RELEVANCE………………………………………..60
INTERMITTENT FASTING FOR HEALTH……………………………...……60
PART 4 - SUMMARY OF LITERATURE……………………………………………..62
SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH……………………………………..62
DESIGN INFLUENCES………………………………………………………...63

III. METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………………66
SUBJECTS………………………………………………………………………………66
VARIABLES…………………………………………………………………………….66
MATERIALS…………………………………………………………………………….68
METABOLIC MEASUREMENT……………………………………………….68
EXERCISE EQUIPMENT………………………………………………………69
vi

BODY COMPOSITION…………………………………………………………69
APPETITE ASSESSMENT……………………………………………………..70
ACTIVITY ENERGY EXPENDITURE (PAEE)……………………………….71
DIET TRACKING……………………………………………………………….71
TEST MEAL……………………………………………………………………..72
PROCEDURE ……………………………………………………………………………73
DESIGN………………………………………………………………………….73
BASELINE VISIT (DAY 1)……………………………………………………..73
BODY COMPOSITION……………………………………………………..74
VISUAL ANALOG SCALES……………………………………………….75
RESTING METABOLIC RATE TEST……………………………………..75
MAXIMAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION…………………………………..76
EXPOSITORY FOOD LOG PERIOD………………………………………77
DIET RECORDING……………………………………………………..77
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUANTIFICATION………………………….78
ENERGY BALANCE CALCULATION………………………………..78
EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS (DAYS 2 AND 3)…………………………………79
PRE-TRIAL DIET PRESCRIPTION………………………………………..80
PRE-EXERCISE MEASUREMENTS………………………………………80
EXERCISE PROTOCOL…………………………………………………....81
HIIE DESIGN ……………………………………………………………81
HIIE PROTOCOL……………………………………………………….81
CONDITION-SPECIFIC PROTOCOL……………………………………...82
FED EXERCISE CONDITION……………………………………………...82
FASTED EXERCISE CONDITION………………………………………...82
POST-EXERCISE MEASUREMENTS…………………………………………82
TRIAL-DAY FEEDING BEHAVIOR…………………………………………..84
EVENING MEASUREMENTS…………………………………………………84
DATA AND STATISTICS………………………………………………………………85
DATA ORGANIZATION……………………………………………………….85
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS…………………………………………………….86

IV. RESULTS………………………………………………………………………………..87
SUBJECTS………………………………………………………………………………87
EXERCISE………………………………………………………………………………88
METABOLIC RESPONSE……………………………………………………………...90
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION…………………………………………………….90
ENERGY EXPENDITURE……………………………………………………...92
RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO…………………………………………………94
ENERGY BALANCE…………………………………………………………………...95
BASELINE ENERGY STATUS………………………………………………...95
ENERGY INTAKE……………………………………………………………...96
VISUAL ANALOG SCALE…………………………………………………………….98
vii

V. DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………………...102
HYPOTHESES…………………………………………………………………………102
SPECIFIC INTERPRETATIONS……………………………………………………...103
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND EPOC……………………………………..103
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION TIME COURSE………………………...103
EPOC…………………………………………………………………...105
ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND EXCESS ENERGY EXPENDITURE…….105
RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO…………………………………..……106
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE DURING EXERCISE……………………....107
HEART RATE………………………………………………………….107
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE……...108
POTENTIALLY INFLUENTIAL FACTORS…………………………108
DIETARY RESULTS …………………………………………………………..110
CALCULATED ENERGY BALANCE………………………………..110
ENERGY INTAKE…………………………………………………….110
APPETITE……………………………………………………………...111
LIMITATIONS…………………………………………………………………………112
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE……………………………...113
EPOC, HIIE AND EXERCISE NUTRITION………………………………….113
HEALTH IMPACT…………………………………………………………….113
FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTION………………………………………………….114

APPENDIX A – INFORMED CONSENT………………………………………………...116
APPENDIX B – MENSTRUAL CYCLE QUESTIONNAIRE……………………………120
APPENDIX C – VAS QUESTIONNAIRE………………………………………………...121
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………..122
VITA………………………………………………………………………………………..141
viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table
Page

1. Subject Characteristics……………………………………………………………...88

2. High-Intensity Exercise Data…………………………………………………….....89

3. Oxygen Consumption Time Course………………………………………………..90

4. Energy Expenditure Time Course…………………………………………………..92

5. Baseline Energy Balance…………………………………………………………...96

6. VAS factors………………………………………………………………………..100
ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Post-exercise and 12-hour EPOC………………………………………………….91

2. Post-exercise and 12-hour Excess Energy Expenditure…………………………...93

3. RER Time Course………………………………………………………………….94
4. Energy Intake Time Course………………………………………………….…….97
5. Composite Appetite Score…………………………………………………...…….98