THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE INTENSITY ON PERCEIVED POST-EXERCISE APPETITE A Thesis ...

65 Pages·2015·1.85 MB·English

by  Megan Groen

THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE INTENSITY ON PERCEIVED POST-EXERCISE APPETITE

A Thesis
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
of the
North Dakota State University
of Agriculture and Applied Science

By

Megan Marie Groen

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE

Major Department:
Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences

June 2015

Fargo, North Dakota
North Dakota State University
Graduate School

Title

The Effect of Exercise Intensity on Perceived Appetite Post-Exercise

By

Megan Marie Groen

The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with
North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted
standards for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE:

Donna J.Terbizan
Chair

Ardith Brunt

Harlene Hatterman-Valenti

Approved:

7/6/15 Margaret Fitzgerald
Date Department Chair
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a greater reduction in
appetite following a high intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise session compared to a
steady-state exercise (SSE) exercise session.
Six subjects completed all three trials in a random, counterbalanced order, measuring
subjects’ perceived appetites throughout the trial. HIIT was 10 two-minute bouts of high-
intensity exercise separated by one minute rest, SSE was 30 minutes moderate intensity exercise,
and control was 40 minutes rest. Eleven visual analog scale (VAS) surveys were completed to
measure perceived appetite and taste preferences.
HIIT significantly lowered appetite scores compared to the control trial immediately after
exercise: “how hungry do you feel” (p = 0.0476); “how satisfied do you feel?” (p = 0.0116);
“how full do you feel?” (p = 0.0225). No other significance was found. These results strengthen
previous research that HIIT may lead to greater suppression of appetite immediately following
exercise.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to give a big thanks to my advisor, Dr. Donna Terbizan, for all of her time,
help, and dedication in the writing process from start to finish. I would also like to thank my
remaining committee members, Dr. Ardith Brunt and Dr. Harlene Hatterman-Valenti, for all of
the time they put in to make this process possible. Lastly I want to thank Su Hua, who helped
me run all the statistics on my data, and all of the subjects who took the time to participate in my
study.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ ix

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1

1.1. Introduction to the Problem .....................................................................................1

1.2. Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................2

1.3. Research Questions ..................................................................................................3

1.4. Limitations ...............................................................................................................3

1.5. Key Terms ................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................................5
2.1. Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................5
2.2. Introduction ..............................................................................................................5

2.3. What is HIIT? ..........................................................................................................6

2.4. Benefits of HIIT .......................................................................................................9

2.5. Neuropeptides, Appetite and HIIT .........................................................................14

2.6. Exercise Intensity and Energy Intake/Appetite ......................................................17

2.7. Pre-Exercise Food Intake .......................................................................................20

2.8. Measuring Appetite ................................................................................................20

2.9. Summary ................................................................................................................21

CHAPTER 3. METHODS .............................................................................................................23

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3.1. Purpose of the Study ..............................................................................................23

3.2. Introduction to Methods .........................................................................................23

3.3. Subjects ..................................................................................................................23

3.4. Procedures ..............................................................................................................24

3.5. Research Design.....................................................................................................26

3.6. Statistical Analysis .................................................................................................26

CHAPTER 4. THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE INTENSITY ON PERCEIVED APPETITE
POST-EXERCISE .........................................................................................................................27

4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................27

4.2. Methods..................................................................................................................28

4.3. Results ....................................................................................................................31

4.4. Discussion ..............................................................................................................35

4.5. Conclusion and Application ...................................................................................38

4.6. References ..............................................................................................................38

CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................41

REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................43

APPENDIX A. IRB APPROVAL .................................................................................................50

APPENDIX B. GPAQ ...................................................................................................................51

APPENDIX C. PAR-Q FORM ......................................................................................................54

APPENDIX D. FOOD LOG ..........................................................................................................55

APPENDIX E. VAS SURVEY .....................................................................................................56
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. VAS scores (mm) for question 1 “How hungry do you feel?” ..........................................32
2. VAS scores (mm) for question 2 “How satisfied do you feel?” ........................................32
3. VAS scores (mm) for question 3 “How full do you feel?” ................................................33
4. VAS scores (mm) for question 4 “How much do you think you can eat?” .......................33
5. VAS scores (mm) for question 5 “Would you like to eat something sweet? ....................34
6. VAS scores (mm) for question 6 “Would you like to eat something salty?” ....................34
7. VAS scores (mm) for question 7 “Would you like to eat something savory?” .................35
8. VAS scores (mm) for question 8 “Would you like to eat something fatty?” ....................35

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. VAS survey to measure perceived appetite .......................................................................30

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
GPAQ .....................................Global Physical Activity Questionnaire
HIIT........................................High Intensity Interval Training
HRM ......................................Heart Rate Maximum
IRB .........................................Institutional Review Board
PAR-Q....................................Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire
SSE .........................................Steady-State Exercise
VAS........................................Visual Analogue Scale
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

4.5. Introduction to the Problem
The increasing prevalence of individuals who are overweight, obese, and extremely obese
is a growing public health problem in the United States. Data from the National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) showed that the prevalence of obese adult (ages 20 or
higher) Americans in 1960-1962 was 13.4% (Hensrud & Klein, 2006). Data from NHANES in
2003-2004 showed that 66.3% of adult Americans were overweight or obese (Hensrud & Klein,
2006). A more recent study showed that the prevalence of obesity seems to have leveled off,
with no significant increases in prevalence between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010, however these
numbers are still too high and obesity remains an issue (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014).
Obesity is defined as an excess of body fat (Hensrud & Klein, 2006). Body Max Index (BMI) is
a common tool used to assess if an individual is overweight or obese. A BMI of 25-29.9 is
considered overweight, and a BMI greater than 30 is classified as obese (Deighton, Zahra, &
Stensel, 2012; Hensrud & Klein, 2006). Obesity that develops when energy intake exceeds
energy expenditure over a long period of time (Deighton et al., 2012) highlights the importance
of regular exercise. Low levels of physical activity, or a sedentary lifestyle, have been associated
with an increased risk of obesity (Hensrud & Klein, 2006). It has been found that more than
60% of the U.S. population does not perform regular exercise or physical activity, and that 25%
of the population is considered sedentary (Hensrud & Klein, 2006). One of the most common
reasons stated for not exercising regularly is a “lack of time” (Trost, Owen, Bauman, Sallis, &
Brown, 2002). When considering this along with the growing prevalence of obesity, it is
important to find alternatives to the more traditional moderate aerobic exercise. Moderate
aerobic, or steady-state exercise (SSE), consists of aerobic activity at a moderate intensity,
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