The effect of ethyl carbamate (urethane) on the egg of the brown trout (Salmo trutta fario L.)

134 Pages·024.453 MB·English

by  Laing, Margaret Anne

Effi EFFECT OF ETHYL CABBAMATE (UEETHANE)
car THE EGG- OF THE BEOWN TBCHJT (Salmo tru tta fario L.)
by
MAEGABET AMTE LAHJG
Submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the degree of
MAS TEE OF SCIENCE
uhitoesitt OF WESTEEN ONTABIO
LOUDON, CANADA
1950
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UMI Number: EC54086
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Approved, for the
Department of Zoolc^r7
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Uhie investigation was made possible through ; i grant
from the Hational Cancer Institute of Canada, Ihe
writer wishes to express her appreciation for this
assistance.
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ACET0WLEDGME1TTS
The writer wishes to express her sincere thanks to Professor
Helen I. Battle, Department of Zoology, for suggesting the problem,
for her interest and advice daring the coarse of the work, and for
her constructive criticism and guidance daring the writing of the
thesis*
Her thanks are also extended to Professor A. W. A. Brown,
Head of the Department of Zoology, for mating available the
facilities of the department; to Mr. J. W. Anderson, Department
of Lands and forests, for supplying the trout eggs; to Mr.
Charles Jarvis, Department of Anatomy, for preparation of the
photographs; and to Mr. Ken Hisaoka for caring for the eggs
during the Christmas holidays.
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CONTENTS
ACKNOWiEDGMENTS................................................................................................ iv
n
lis t of m s ..................................................................................................
ILLUSTRATIONS..................................... v iii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................ ix
INTRCDUCTI OS'....................................................................................................... 1
Historical Background............................ 3
MATERIAL AND METHODS............................................................................ 6
EXPERIMENTAL DATA............................................................................................ 9
Experiment I, 19*4S.......................................................... 9
Experiment IIA and IIB, 19*4S................................................ 12
Experiment I and UI, 1914-9..................................................... 15
Experiment II and UII, 19% ................................................. 29
Experiment UIII, I9I+9.............................................................. 35
Experiment UIV, 19*J9................................................................ *45
Prolonged Exposure Experiments 1 and 2.................................... 50
Experiment 1................................................................................. 50
Experiment 2a and Sb................................................................ 55
ATYPICAL CELLULAR CONFIGURATIONS............................................................ 57
Historical Background........................................................................ 57
Present Investigation........................................................................ 60
DISCUSSION........................................................................................................... 66
SUMMARY.................................................................................................................. 78
LITERATURE CITED.............................................................................................. SO
VITA
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. M ortality of urethane treated trout eggs.
Experiment I, 19^S....................................................................................... 10
2. Mitosis in urethane treated trout - m ulticellular
"blastoderm. Experiment I, 19^S....................................................... 13
3. M ortality of urethane treated trout eggs.
Experiment IIA, 1 9 ^ ............................................................................... 16
M ortality of urethane treated trout eggs.
Experiment IIB, 19^S............................................................................... 17
5. Mitosis in urethane treated trout - m ulticellular
blastoderm. Experiment IIA................................................................. IS
6. M ortality of urethane treated trout eggs.
Experiment I, 19%................................................................................... 21
7. M ortality of urethane treated trout eggs.
Experiment UI, 19%................................................................................. 23
S. Mitosis in urethane treated trout - m ulticellular
blastoderm. Experiment UI, Series U2, 19%.............................. 25
9. Mitosis in urethane treated trout - m ulticellular
blastoderm. Experiment UI, Series Uty, 19^9.............................. 2J
10. Mitosis in urethane treated trout - m ulticellular
blastoderm. Experiment UI, Series U5, 19%.............................. Ji­
ll. M ortality of urethane treated trout eggs.
Experiment II, 19%................................................................................ 32
12. M ortality of agitated eggs, 19%.................................................... 33
13. M ortality of urethane treated trout eggs.
Experiment UII, 19%............................................................................... 3^
lh. Average diameter of cells of urethane treated trout.
Experiment UII, Series U12, 19^9..................................................... 35
15. Mitosis in urethane treated trout - m ulticellular
blastoderm. Experiment UII, Series 13, 19%............................ 37
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table Page
16. Mortality of urethane treated trout eggs*
Experiment TJIII, 19^9....................................................................
17. Mitosis in urethane treated trout - multicellular
blastoderm. Experiment TJIII, Series U20,..19^9............... ^-1
18. Mitosis in urethane treated trout - multicellular
blastoderm. Experiment TJIII, Series U21, 19U9.............. *+3
19. Mitosis in urethane treated trout - multicellular
blastoderm. Experiment TJIII, Series TJ22, I9H9............... ^
20. Mortality of urethane treated trout eggs.
Experiment TJIY, 19^9..................................... V?
21. Mitosis in urethane treated trout - multicellular
blastoderm. Experiment TJIY, Series TJ^22, 19^9......••
22. Mitosis in urethane treated trout - multicellular
blastoderm. Experiment TJIY, Series ^ 23,....19^9............... 52
23. Relationship between concentration of urethane and
relative growth of embryo, I9U9............................................... 53
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ILLUSTEATI01TS
Figure Pag®
1. M ortality of urethane treated trout eggs.
Experiments I, IIA and IIB, 1948,........................................................ 11
2* Mitosis in urethane treated trout, m ulticellular
■blastoderm. Experiment I, 1948, 6 and 24 hours exposure.. 14
3. Mitosis in urethane treated trout, m ulticellular
blastoderm. Experiment IIA, 1948, 48 and 72 hours
exposure.............................................................................. 19
4. M ortality of urethane treated trout eggs.
Experiments I, UI and UIII, 1949............................................................ 22
5. Average diameter of cells of eggs treated with urethane.
Experiment UI, 1949, Series U2, U4 and U5....................................... 26
6. Mitosis in urethane treated trout, m ulticellular
blastoderm. Experiment UI, 1949, Series U4 and U5................ 28
7. M ortality of urethane treated trout eggs.
Experiments II, UII, and UIY, 19U9................................................... 30
8. Average diameter of cells of eggs treated with urethane.
Experiment UII, 1949, Series U12 and U13...................................... 36
9. Mitosis in urethane treated trout, m ulticellular
blastoderm. Experiment UII, 194-9, Series UI3........................... 38
10. Average diameter of cells of eggs treated with urethane.
Experiment UIII, 1949, Series U20, U21 and U22......................... 42
11. Mitosis in urethane treated trout, m ulticellular
blastoderm. Experiment UIII, 1949, Series U21 andU 22.... 4-4
12. Mitosis in urethane treated trout, m ulticellular
blastoderm. Experiment UIY, 1949, Series U^22 and U-jj23... 49
13. Average diameter of cells of eggs treated with urethane.
Experiment UIY, 1949, Series U-^2 and U^23................................. 51
14. Prolonged exposure experiment 1, 1949.
Belative growth of embryonic axis..................................................... 54
15. Camera lucida drawings of atypical nuclear configurations. 62
16. Camera lucida drawings of cells showing normal
chromosome number........................................................................................ 64
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ABSTHA.CT
Hie eytological effects of the water soluble carcinogen, ethyl
carbamate, in concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 percent are described for
the egg of the brown trout (Salmo trutta fario L.) subjected during
early cleavage and multicellular blastodermic stages. A critical
period exists at the initiation of gastrulation, when the egg is
more sensitive, as indicated by the sudden rise in mortality. A
temporary stimulation of mitosis is followed by a partial inhibition
and accompanied by an increase in the numbers of atypical nuclear
configurations. These abnormalities, including "amitotic" con­
striction, binucleate to multinucleate giant cells, multipolar
mitoses, polyploid chromosome numbers, pycnotic nuclei and karyolysis,
resemble those typical of neoplasms and those also produced after
treatment with other physical and chemical agents. Prolonged ex­
posure to low concentrations of urethane accelerates growth of the
embryonic axis. High concentrations produce a retardation of growth
and cause other abnormalities.
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