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T HE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HOUSING SYSTEMS ON S ALMONELLA AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN LAYING HENS SEBASTIAAN VAN HOOREBEKE Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Veterinary Sciences (PhD), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 2010 Promoters: Prof. Dr. Jeroen Dewulf Prof. Dr. Filip Van Immerseel Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health This research was funded by the EU FP6, under the contract 035547 (Safehouse project) Schilderij kaft: Koen Pattyn Printed by: Ryhove Plot-it T HE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HOUSING SYSTEMS ON S ALMONELLA AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN LAYING HENS SEBASTIAAN VAN HOOREBEKE Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Veterinary Sciences (PhD), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 2010 Promoters: Prof. Dr. Jeroen Dewulf Prof. Dr. Filip Van Immerseel Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1 General introduction 1 1. Laying hen husbandry 4 2. The role of eggs in human salmonellosis 13 3. Epidemiology of Salmonella 21 4. Antimicrobial resistance in laying hens 32 5. References 36 CHAPTER 2 Scientific aims of the thesis 55 CHAPTER 3 Faecal sampling under-estimates the actual prevalence of Salmonella in laying hen flocks 59 CHAPTER 4 The age of a production system and previous Salmonella infections on farm are risk factors for low-level Salmonella infections in vaccinated laying hen flocks 73 CHAPTER 5 Determination of the within and between flock prevalence and identification of risk factors for Salmonella shedding in laying hen flocks housed in conventional and alternative systems 89 CHAPTER 6 The effect of the housing system on antimicrobial resistance in indicator bacteria in laying hens 109 CHAPTER 7 General discussion 135 SUMMARY 161 SAMENVATTING 167 CURRICULUM VITAE DANKWOORD BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BGA brilliant green agar BPW buffered peptone water CI confidence interval CLSI Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute DANMAP Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program EFSA European Food Safety Authority EU European Union EUCAST European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing FAVV Federaal Agentschap voor de Veiligheid van de Voedselketen GEE generalized estimating equitations MDR multidrug resistance MSRV modified semisolid rappaport vassiliadis agar OR odds ratio PT phage type SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences subsp. subspecies VEPEK Vereniging voor Pluimvee, Eieren en Konijnen XLD xylose lysine decarboxylose C 1 HAPTER G I ENERAL NTRODUCTION

Description:
Figure 1: Diagram of the egg industry (adapted from Defra, 2004 and VEPEK, 2009). The egg production In the flowchart below, the different stages are schematically represented (Figure 1). (Dermanyssus gallinae). It has been shown
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T HE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HOUSING SYSTEMS ON S ALMONELLA AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN LAYING HENS SEBASTIAAN VAN HOOREBEKE Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Veterinary Sciences (PhD), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 2010 Promoters: Prof. Dr. Jeroen Dewulf Prof. Dr. Filip Van Immerseel Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health This research was funded by the EU FP6, under the contract 035547 (Safehouse project) Schilderij kaft: Koen Pattyn Printed by: Ryhove Plot-it T HE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HOUSING SYSTEMS ON S ALMONELLA AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN LAYING HENS SEBASTIAAN VAN HOOREBEKE Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Veterinary Sciences (PhD), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 2010 Promoters: Prof. Dr. Jeroen Dewulf Prof. Dr. Filip Van Immerseel Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1 General introduction 1 1. Laying hen husbandry 4 2. The role of eggs in human salmonellosis 13 3. Epidemiology of Salmonella 21 4. Antimicrobial resistance in laying hens 32 5. References 36 CHAPTER 2 Scientific aims of the thesis 55 CHAPTER 3 Faecal sampling under-estimates the actual prevalence of Salmonella in laying hen flocks 59 CHAPTER 4 The age of a production system and previous Salmonella infections on farm are risk factors for low-level Salmonella infections in vaccinated laying hen flocks 73 CHAPTER 5 Determination of the within and between flock prevalence and identification of risk factors for Salmonella shedding in laying hen flocks housed in conventional and alternative systems 89 CHAPTER 6 The effect of the housing system on antimicrobial resistance in indicator bacteria in laying hens 109 CHAPTER 7 General discussion 135 SUMMARY 161 SAMENVATTING 167 CURRICULUM VITAE DANKWOORD BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BGA brilliant green agar BPW buffered peptone water CI confidence interval CLSI Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute DANMAP Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program EFSA European Food Safety Authority EU European Union EUCAST European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing FAVV Federaal Agentschap voor de Veiligheid van de Voedselketen GEE generalized estimating equitations MDR multidrug resistance MSRV modified semisolid rappaport vassiliadis agar OR odds ratio PT phage type SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences subsp. subspecies VEPEK Vereniging voor Pluimvee, Eieren en Konijnen XLD xylose lysine decarboxylose C 1 HAPTER G I ENERAL NTRODUCTION

Description:
Figure 1: Diagram of the egg industry (adapted from Defra, 2004 and VEPEK, 2009). The egg production In the flowchart below, the different stages are schematically represented (Figure 1). (Dermanyssus gallinae). It has been shown
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