The Effect of Cycling Positions on Cardiorespiratory and Aerodynamic Parameters for Road Cyclists

142 Pages·2016·20.71 MB·English

Aus dem Institut für Sportwissenschaft der Universität Rostock

The Effect of Cycling Positions
on Cardiorespiratory and Aerodynamic Parameters
for Road Cyclists

Dissertation zur
Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doctor rerum humanarum (Dr. rer. hum.)
der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Rostock

vorgelegt von
Wuttigrai Noipant
geb. am 06.10.1975 in Lop Buri, Thailand
Rostock, den 18. März 2016
ii

Gutachter:

1. Prof. Dr. phil. habil. Volker Zschorlich
Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Philosophische Fakultät,
Universität Rostock
2. Prof. Dr. med. habil. Dipl.-Ing. Rainer Bader
Orthopädische Klinik und Poliklinik, Medizinische Fakultät,
Universität Rostock
3. Prof. Dr. med. Johann-Peter Kuhtz-Buschbeck
Physiologisches Institut, Medizinische Fakultät,
Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel

Datum der Einreichung: 18. März 2016
Datum der Verteidigung: 27. Juli 2016
iii
‘‘ This masterpiece is dedicated to my parents, my family and my country. ’’
iv
Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all those who have provided guidance and support while I was studying at the University of
Rostock. First of all, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Volker Zschorlich, my supervisor, for giving me
the great opportunity to do my Ph.D. as well as for his inspiration, valuable guidance, constructive suggestions, and
support throughout my study. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. med. Rainer Bader and Prof. Dr. med. Johann-Peter
Kuhtz-Buschbeck for their valuable reviewing to my dissertation.
I am forever grateful to Dipl.-Ing. Norbert Wolff and Dipl.-Ing. Andreas Mattke who taught me the experimental
techniques and for, alongside with Dr. Ulf Reder, kindly being participants for the first tryout of the coasting down
investigation.
I also would like to express my appreciation to Miss Anne Schulz, Mrs. Kerstin Daberkow, Mr. Eugen
Schweitzer, Mr. Heie Ludewig, Mr. Mudar Kandkji, Dr. Sameh kassem, Dr. Tammam Tanjour, and Mr. Ulrich
Creuznacher, my colleagues, for their kind support, useful discussions and friendship, which have made my time in
Germany a pleasant and worthwhile experience. Also, my special thanks goes to the twenty-four participants in the
experiments. Indispensably, I would like to thank Mr. Rajko Grawert very much for photographing in a part of the
projected frontal area measurement as well as Miss Helen Morrison for valuable help in correction of the English text.
I deeply acknowledge the Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand, for given me the
opportunity and scholarship support to accomplish my Ph.D. studies in Germany.
Certainly, this masterpiece would not have been possible without the love and encouragement of Mrs. Suwanit
Nimwat and Mr. Supamongkol Noipant, my parents. I would like especially like to thank my mother for the financial
support throughout my educational life. Last but certainly not least, big thanks to my wife and daughters who strengthen
my willpower.
v
CONTENTS

List of abbreviations, notations, and symbols…………………………………………………………...….…...............viii
Zusammenfassung……………………………………………………………………………………………..................xii
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………..............................xiv
Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 Investigations of cycling positions …………………………………………………………………………….1
1.2 Objectives………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
1.3 Hypotheses……………………………………………………………………………………………………..4
Chapter 2: Theories………………………………………………………………………………………………..............5
2.1 Fundamentals of forces affecting road cycling motion………………………………………………...............5
2.1.1 Conceptual outline of motion…………………………………………………………………………….5
2.1.2 Aerodynamic drag force.……………………………………………………………………....…………6
2.1.2.1 Types of aerodynamic drag………………………………………………….……..……………….7
2.1.2.1.1 Pressure drag……………………………………………………….…….................………...8
2.1.2.1.2 Skin friction………………………………………………………..…...……………………..8
2.1.2.2 Nature of airflow surrounding body………………………..………………..……….………….....9
2.1.2.3 Relative influence of factors causing aerodynamic drag…………………………….....................10
2.1.2.3.1 Air density…………………………………………………………...…...………………….10
2.1.2.3.2 Drag coefficient……………………………………………………………………...............11
2.1.2.3.3 Projected frontal area……………………………………………………..............................11
2.1.2.3.4 Relative velocity………………………………………………………...…………...............12
2.1.2.3.5 Drag area……………………………………………………………….................................13
2.1.3 Rolling friction………………………………………………………………………………………….13
2.1.4 Gravitational force…………………………………………………………………………....................14
2.1.5 Bearing friction………………………………………………………………………………………….15
2.1.6 Inertial force…………………………………………………………………………………………….16
2.1.7 Propulsive force………………………………………………………………………….……………...17
2.2 Coasting down testing for road cycling……………………………………………………………………….18
2.2.1 Experimental principle………………………………………………………………………………….18
2.2.2 Mathematical models for coasting down motion……………………………………………………….20
2.2.3 Telemetry-bicycle system…………………………………………………………..…………...............24
2.3 Nonlinear parameter estimation……………………………………………………………...…....………….25
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CONTENTS

2.3.1 Least-squares method…………………………………………………………………...........................25
2.3.2 Parameter estimation by using Solver…………………………………………………..........................25
2.4 Spiroergometry………………………………………………………………………………..………………27
2.4.1 Definitions………………………………………………………………………………..……..............27
2.4.2 Lung function…………………………………………………………………………………...............28
2.4.3 Breath-by-breath principle………………………………………………………………………………30
2.4.4 Oxycon mobile® metabolic system……………………………………………………………………..32
Chapter 3: Literature Reviews……………………………………………………………………………………………34
Chapter 4: Methods and Materials…………………………………………………………………………......................39
4.1 Spiroergometry testing………………………………………………………………………………..............39
4.2 Coasting down testing………………………………………………………………………………………...41
4.2.1 Velocity-time functional measurement…………………………………………………………………41
4.2.2 Projected frontal area measurement…………………………………………………………………….43
Chapter 5: Results………………………………………………………………………………………………...............46
5.1 Effects of cycling positions on cardiorespiratory responses………………………………………………….46
5.2 Effects of cycling positions on aerodynamic parameters……………………………………………………..55
5.3 Relationship of energy expenditure during cycling ……………………………………………………….....69
Chapter 6. Discussions…………………………………………………………………………………………………...72
6.1 Effects of cycling positions on cardiorespiratory responses……………………………………………….....72
6.1.1 Upright position (UP) versus aero position (AP)…………..…………………………………………...73
6.1.2 Upright position (UP) versus fully dropped position (DP)…………..……………………………….....74
6.1.3 Aero position (AP) versus fully dropped position (DP)………….……………………………………..74
6.1.4 Crouched position versus upright position……………………………………………………………...75
6.2 Effects of cycling positions on aerodynamic parameters……………………………………………………..79
6.2.1 Simplified coasting down method……………………………………………………………................79
6.2.2 Drag area………………………………………………………………………………………………...84
6.2.3 Drag coefficient……..……………………...…………………………………………...........................87
6.2.4 Projected frontal area…………………………………………………………………............................90
6.3 Cycling models………...………………………………………………………………………..….................92
6.3.1 Resistive forces model……………………………………………………………...…………………...92
6.3.2 Mechanical power model………………………………...……………………………………………...93
vii
CONTENTS

6.3.3 Energy expenditure model……………………………….……………………………………………...94
6.4 Limitations and recommendations……………………………………………………………………………96
6.4.1 Spiroergometry testing ………...…………………………………………………………………….....96
6.4.2 Coasting down testing ………...………………………………………………………………………..97
Chapter 7: Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………...99
References………………………………………………………………………………………………........................101
Appendix A: Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………........108
Appendix B: Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………..........119
Appendix C: Least-squares method…………………………………………………………………………..................121
Appendix D: Calculation of respiratory gases…………………………………………………………………………..122
Selbständigkeitserklärung……………………………………………………………………………………….............125
Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………………………………………………..............126
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, NOTATIONS, AND SYMBOLS

List of abbreviations

Abbreviations Meaning SI unit of measure
AP Aero position
BF Breathing frequency breaths·min-1
BTPS Body temperature and pressure saturated
DP Fully dropped position
HR Heart rate beats·min-1
NS Not significant
RER Respiratory exchange rate
rpm Revolution per minute
SD Standard deviation
SS Sum of squares
STPD Standard temperature and pressure dry
T Temperature °C
UP Upright position

List of notations

Notations Meaning SI unit of measure
A Projected frontal area m2
a Acceleration of aerodynamic drag m·s-2
are
a Acceleration of rolling friction m·s-2
rol
C First constant of integration
1
C Second constant of integration
2
C Drag coefficient dimensionless
D
C ⋅A Drag area m2
D
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, NOTATIONS, AND SYMBOLS

Notations Meaning SI unit of measure
°C Degree Celsius
E Kinetic energy J
kin
E Potential energy J
pot
E Rotational energy J
rot
F Aerodynamic drag N
aer
F Bearing friction N
bea
F Gravitational force N
gra
F Inertial force N
ine
F Net force N
net
F Propulsive force N
pro
F Resistive force N
res
F Rolling friction N
rol
g Acceleration due to gravity m·s-2
I Moment of inertia kg·m2
K Aerodynamic constant kg·m-1
K Aerodynamic constant divided by mass 1·m-1
m
m Mass kg
m Mass of cyclist plus bicycle kg
CB
m Mass of cyclist kg
C
m Mass of bicycle kg
B
n Number of participant
P Mechanical power Watt

P Net mechanical power Watt
net
P Mechanical power of aerodynamic drag Watt
aer
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, NOTATIONS, AND SYMBOLS

Notations Meaning SI unit of measure
P Mechanical power of rolling resistance Watt
rol
P−value Probability value
RH Relative humidity %
s Displacement m
s Initial displacement m
i
s Final displacement m
f
s Maximal displacement m
max
T Torque N·m
t Time s
t Initial time s
i
t Final time s
f
t Maximal time s
max
V!O Oxygen uptake ml·min-1
2
V!CO Carbon dioxide output ml·min-1
2
V! Minute ventilation L·min-1
E
V Tidal volume L
T
v Velocity m·s-1
v Initial velocity m·s-1
i
v Final velocity m·s-1
f
v Maximal velocity m·s-1
max
W Mechanical work N·m