The Educational Innovators 1750–1880

397 Pages·1967·43.307 MB·English

by  W. A. C. Stewart, W. P. McCann (auth.)

THE EDUCATIONAL INNOVATORS
THE EDUCATIONAL
INNOVATORS
1750-188o
W. A. C. STEWART
AND
W. P. McCANN
© W. A. C. Stewart and W. P. McCann 1967
Softcoverreprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1967 978-0-333-07943-0
ISBN 978-1-349-00533-8 ISBN 978-1-349-00531-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-00531-4
MACMILLAN AND COMPANY LIMITED
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Library of Congress catalog card no. 67-25981
Contents
List of Illustrations vii
Preface and Acknowledgements xi
Introduction xiii
PART ONE: 175o-185o
I. The Eighteenth Century: Experiment and Enlightenment
1. Early Experiments : William Gilpin and David Manson 3
2. Rousseau and English Education in the Late Eighteenth
Century 23
3· David Williams and the Laurence Street Academy 35
II. The Industrial Revolution and After
4· Robert Owen and the New Lanark Schools 53
5. The Followers of Owen : Working-class Educators and
Utopians 74
6. The Hills and Hazelwood School 98
1· King's Somborne School 124
III. Continental Influences
8. Pestalozzi, Fellenberg, and English Education 136
9· Lady Byron, E. T. Craig, and Baling Grove School 154
10. Dr. Charles Mayo and Cheam School, 1826-46 169
11. Kay-Shuttleworth and the Continental Reformers 179
IV. Some General Themes
12. Labour and Education, 178o-185o 198
13. Rewards and Punishments, 178o-185o 219
14. The Teaching of Young Children : James Buchanan and
Samuel Wilderspin 241
V. Epilogue: IJJo-I8JO 268
v
Vt Contents
PART TWO: 185o-188o
I. The EdiiCation Madness
15. New Influences and the Intelligentsia 2.75
16. Henry Morley's School 2.89
17. Johannes Ronge and the Humanistic Schools 2.98
18. Barbara Bodichon's School 310
19. The International School: Free Trade and Education 317
z.o. William Ellis and the Birkbeck Schools p6
II. Epilogue: I8Jo-IS3o 342.
Index 351
List of Illustrations
William Gilpin 48
Reproduced from Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. )9, August
z869, f!y co11rtefY of the Trustees of the British Mllsellf!l
David Manson 48
From a water-colo11r copy I!J W. R. Gordon of the portrait I!J Joseph Wilson,
I!J co~~rtefY of the Ulster Musellf!l
David Williams 48
Radio Times Hulton Pic/lire Ubrary
Children dancing at Robert Owen's school 49
Radio Time.r Hulton Pict11re Ubrary
The South London Rational School 49
Radio Time.r Hulton Pic/lire Ubrary
A page from a textbook by the Owenite schoolmaster, John Ellis 64
Reproduced from J. Ellis, The Human Body Described for the Instruction
of the Young of Both Sexes, London I 842, by co11rtefY of the T ru.rtees of
the British Museum
Design for the Elysian Academy in Robert Pemberton's Happy
Colony 6s
Reproduced from R. Pemberton, The Happy Colony, London ISJJ,
ry co~~rtefY of the T ru.rtees of the British Mllsellfll
Hazelwood School u8
From a drawing 1!J Sam1111l Unes, ry co11rtefY of the Director, Birmingham
City Mllsellf!l and Art Gallery
Bruce Casde School u8
Reproduced from G. B. Hill, The Life of Sir Rowland Hill, London
zSSo, ry co~~rtefY of the Tru.rtees of the British Mllsellf!l
Rowland Hill IZ9
Radio Times Hulton Pict11re Ubrary
Arthur Hill IZ9
Radio Times Hulton Pict11re Ubrary
E. T. Craig 144
Reproduced from E. T. Craig, The Irish Land and Labour Question,
London z882, ry co~~rtefY of the Trustees of the British Mllsellf!l
Rev. Richard Dawes 144
By co~~rlefY of the Dean and Chapter of Hereford Cathedral
vii
of
vm List Illustrations
Edward Pelham Brenton 144
Radio Times Hulton Picture Library
Dr. Charles Mayo 144
Reproduced from C. H. Mayo, A Genealogical Account of the Mayo and
Elton Families, 2nd edn., Ij08, I?J courtesy of the Trustees of the British
Museum
Cheam School in Dr. Mayo's time 145
Reproduced from C. H. Mayo, A Genealogical Account of the Mayo and
Elton Families, 2nd edn., Ij08, lry courtesy of the Trustees of the British
Museum
Battersea Normal College 145
Radio Times Hulton Picture Library
Hullah conducting his pupils at Exeter Hall 208
Radio Times Hulton Picture Library
The presentation of a music stand to Hullah 208
Radio Times Hulton Picture Library
Lord Lovelace's Agricultural School at Ockham 209
Reproduced from E. W. Brqyl~, A Topographical History of Surrey,
London rS;o, by courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum
The Agricultural School at Willingdon 209
Reproduced from C. W. Johnson and W. Shaw, The Farmer's Almanac and
Calendar for 1845, London I84J, lry courtesy of the Trustees of the British
Museum
Hazelwood Coinage 224
By courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum
Joseph Lancaster's silver monitors' badges 224
Photograph I?J Michael Grqy. By courtesy of the Principal, Borough Road
College
Reformed delinquents at the Philanthropic Society's School of 22 5
Industry
Photograph I?J Michael Grqy. By courtesy of the Librarian, Members' Library,
Inner London Education Allthority
Rouge's Kindergarten 225
Reproduced from]. and B. Range, A Practical Guide to the English
Kindergarten, London I8JJ, by courtesy of the Trustees of the British
Museum
James Buchanan 288
Reproduced from R. R. Rusk, A History of Infant Education, London
IjJJ, 1?J courtesy of the University of London Press and the Trustees of the
British Museum
Samuel Wilderspin 288
Engraving ~y G. T. Pqyne from the portrait lry ]. R. Herbert, I?J courtesy of
the Trustees of the British Museum
of
List Illustrations ix
The infant school playground as visualised by Wilderspin 289
Reproduced from S. Wilderspin, A System for the Education of the Young,
London 18,;o, by courtev of the Trustees of the British Museum
Henry Morley 304
Reproduced from H. S. Solly, The Life of Henry Morley, LL.D., London
I8!J8, by courtev of the Trustees of the British Museum
William Ellis 304
Reproduced from E. K. Blyth, Life of William Ellis, London I88!J, by
courtev of the Trustees of the British Museum
Barbara Bodichon 304
From a portrait by Samuel Lawrence, by courte{Y of Mrs. Hester Burton
The Prince of Wales opening the International School at
Isleworth 305
Radio Times Hulton Picture Library
The Gospel Oak Schools 305
Photograph by Michael Gray. By courte{Y of the Librarian, Members'
Library, Inner London Education Authority
Line drawings in the text
Craig's Charactrograph 163
Reproduced from E. T. Craig, The Irish Land and Labour Question,
London 1882, by courtev of the Trustees of the British Museum
Craig's Charactrograph (detail) 164
Wilderspin's Arithmeticon 263
Reproduced from S. Wilderspin, The Infant System, London I8J4, by
courte{Y of the Trustees of the British Museum
Preface and Acknowledgements
IN the present century schools have come into existence to express par
ticular beliefs about education and by these assertions to voice criticism
of and opposition to certain educational principles and practices. A
good deal has been written about individual schools or educational
experiments but no thorough study has been made of unorthodoxy
in English education, and when beginning on such an inquiry one
needs to find reasonable justification for choosing a starting-point as
well as for the criteria by which to select the innovators who are to be
considered.
It is common to say that identifiably modern ideas in education may
be traced to Rousseau, especially to the influence of Emile, published
in 1762.. While the claim has substance, evidence exists to show that
there were innovators in British educational theory and practice before
1762., and it is these who provide us with a starting-point.
This is the first of a two-volume study on educational innovation
from about 1750 to the present time. The span of the first volume
reaches to approximately 188o and the second volume will continue
from there.
I wish to make warm acknowledgement to the Leverhulme Trust,
whose financial support made it possible for me to have Dr. Phillip
McCann as my collaborator in this first volume. The research and most
of the initial writing of this volume were undertaken by Dr. McCann.
Responsibility for the final plan and drafting, however, rests with me.
I also wish to thank Professor W. H. G. Armytage for help in the
early stages of planning this volume; Professor J. F. C. Harrison for
critical discussion of Robert Owen and the Owenites ; Dr. K. Silber
of Edinburgh University for copies of manuscript material relating to
Dr. Charles Mayo ; Mrs. Hester Burton for information on Barbara
Bodichon's school ; Mr. A. S. Wainscot, Librarian of the Swedenborg
Society, for access to rare material on Samuel Wilderspin and the New
Church; and Mrs. June Taylor, who was responsible for the typing of
all the early drafts of the manuscript.
Keele W. A. C. S.
:l.i