THE ECONOMICS OF INTERNATIONAL AIRLINE TRANSPORT ADVANCES IN AIRLINE ECONOMICS Series Editor: James Peoples Recent Volumes: Volume1: CompetitionPolicyandAnti-Trust,DarinLee Volume2: TheEconomicsofAirlineInstitutions,Operationsand Marketing,DarinLee Volume3: PricingBehaviorandNon-PriceCharacteristicsintheAirline Industry,JamesPeoples ADVANCES IN AIRLINE ECONOMICS VOLUME 4 THE ECONOMICS OF INTERNATIONAL AIRLINE TRANSPORT EDITED BY JAMES PEOPLES University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI, USA United Kingdom (cid:1) North America (cid:1) Japan India (cid:1) Malaysia (cid:1) China EmeraldGroupPublishingLimited HowardHouse,WagonLane,BingleyBD161WA,UK Firstedition2014 Copyrightr2014EmeraldGroupPublishingLimited Reprintsandpermissionservice Contact:[email protected] Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,transmittedin anyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwisewithouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisheroralicence permittingrestrictedcopyingissuedintheUKbyTheCopyrightLicensingAgency andintheUSAbyTheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Anyopinionsexpressedinthe chaptersarethoseoftheauthors.WhilstEmeraldmakeseveryefforttoensurethe qualityandaccuracyofitscontent,Emeraldmakesnorepresentationimpliedor otherwise,astothechapters’suitabilityandapplicationanddisclaimsanywarranties, expressorimplied,totheiruse. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-1-78350-639-2 ISSN:2212-1609(Series) ISOQAR certified Management System, awarded to Emerald for adherence to Environmental standard ISO 14001:2004. Certificate Number 1985 ISO 14001 CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vii EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW James Peoples 1 CHAPTER 2 AIR TRANSPORT LIBERALIZATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON AIRLINE COMPETITION AND TRAFFIC GROWTH (cid:1) AN OVERVIEW Xiaowen Fu and Tae Hoon Oum 11 CHAPTER 3 GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORTATION Darren Prokop 45 CHAPTER 4 SKIES WIDE SHUT (cid:1) AN ASSESSMENT OF INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT LIBERALIZATION Pierre Latrille, Antonia Carzaniga and Marta Soprana 61 CHAPTER 5 INTERNATIONAL MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY James Nolan, Pamela Ritchie and John Rowcroft 127 CHAPTER 6 AIRFARES AND COMPETITION ON INTERNATIONAL ROUTES John Bitzan, Alice Kones and James Peoples 151 v vi CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 THE CHOICE OF AIRPORT, AIRLINE, AND DEPARTURE DATE AND TIME: ESTIMATING THE DEMAND FOR FLIGHTS Diego Escobari and Cristhian Mellado 177 CHAPTER 8 AIR CARGO SERVICES AND THE EXPORT FLOWS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Henry L. Vega 199 CHAPTER 9 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR PASSENGER TRAFFIC AND TRADE IN ASIA-PACIFIC Elien Van De Vijver, Ben Derudder and FrankWitlox 235 CHAPTER 10 INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL POLITICAL REGULATIONS OF AVIATION’S CLIMATE IMPACT AND COST IMPACTS ON AIR FREIGHT Janina D. Scheelhaase 255 CHAPTER 11 PLANNING A COMPETITIVE AEROTROPOLIS John D. Kasardaand Stephen J. Appold 281 CHAPTER 12 AIRPORT AND AIRLINE SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS IN MULTI-AIRPORT MARKETS Dan Mahoney and Wesley W. Wilson 309 CHAPTER 13 BUYER SUBSIDIESIN TWO-SIDED MARKETS: EVIDENCE FROM ONLINE TRAVEL AGENTS Volodymyr Bilotkach and Nicholas G. Rupp 339 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Stephen J. Appold Research Associate, Center for Air Commerce, Kenan-Flagler Business School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Volodymyr Bilotkach Senior Lecturer in Economics, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK John Bitzan Associate Professor, Department of Management and Marketing, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA Antonia Carzaniga Counsellor, World Trade Organization (WTO), Geneva, Switzerland Ben Derudder Professor, Geography Department,Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Diego Escobari Assistant Professor, Department of Economics and Finance, The University of Texas (cid:1) PanAmerican, Edinburg, TX, USA Xiaowen Fu Senior Lecturer, Business School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia John D. Kasarda Director of Center for Air Commerce , Center for Air Commerce, Kenan-Flagler Business School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Alice Kones Research Assistant, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA Pierre Latrille Counsellor, World Trade Organization (WTO), Switzerland, Geneva vii viii LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS Dan Mahoney Graduate Teaching Fellow, Department of Economics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA Cristhian Mellado Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Universidad Catolica de la Santisima Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile and Research Assistant and PHD Student, Department of Economics and Finance, The University of Texas (cid:1) Pan American, Edinburg, TX, USA James Nolan Professor, Department of Bioresource Policy, Business and Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Tae Hoon Oum UPS FoundationChair Professor, Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada James Peoples Professor, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA Darren Prokop Professor of Logistics, Department of Logistics, College of Business and Public Policy, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA Pamela Ritchie Dean, Faculty of Business and IT, University of Ontario Institute of Technology,Oshawa, ON, Canada John Rowcroft Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Business and IT, University of Ontario Institute of Technology,Oshawa, ON, Canada Nicholas G. Rupp Associate Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA ListofContributors ix Janina D. Scheelhaase Head of Air Transport Economics, German AerospaceCentre (DLR), Institute of Air Transport and Airport Research, Cologne, Germany Marta Soprana Consultant, World Trade Organization (WTO), Geneva, Switzerland Elien VanDe Vijver PHD Student, Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Henry L. Vega Research Fellow, Center for Transportation, Policy, Operations, and Logistics, School of Public Policy, George Mason University, Arlington, VA, USA Wesley W. Wilson Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA Frank Witlox Professor, Geography Department,Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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