The Economic Substantiation of the Theory of Socialism

277 Pages·1981·14.998 MB·English

by  Vitaly Vygotsky

VITAL Y
\TYGODSRY
The Economic
Substantiation
oft h'Teh eory
ofS ocialism.
fE!iil
PROGRESSP UBLISHERS
MOSCOW
1981
\_ \ \
Translatferdo mt heR ussian
byJ ANE SAYER
B. CB.bir OACKnii
8IWHOMIIqeco16w0eC HOBaHTIIeeO plIII
aayqHorRoO MMYHIIBMa
Ha an21tuiicnsioa,;ubl� e
EnglisThr anslat©i oPnr ogrePsusb lishe1r9s8 1
Prtnteidnt heU niono fS ovieSto cialRiesptu bltcs
10701-538
014)(-081116 -81 0302030000
B
CONTENTS
INTORDUTCINO 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • .
Chatpre OneT.H EI NITIEALELM ENTISN T HEE COONMIC
SUBTSANTITAINO OFS CIENITFICCO MMUNI(S1M38 -48149) 15
1.G enerDaelrs icptoifoC na pitEaxlpilsaotti it.o n . .1 5 .
2.T he FSitrses pitn t heS ceintiFfiocr ecaosftC ionmg-
munist E.c o.n o.m y . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . 2
3.P rocltaimooanf Htihse toRroilcoeaf l Wtohrek iCnlga ss3 1
4.T hIen iiaTtlh esoefst hTeh eoorfSy c ienCtoimfimcu nis3m4
5.T heF irPsrti ncoifpt lheTesh eoorfyS urplus.- Va.l4 u2 e
G.E conoSmuibtcsa ntiaotfi otNnhe ee fdo ar Perioofd
TransiftrioComan p itatloCi osmmm un.i s.m . . 48
7.T heP rerequfiosri tetFshu er thEelra boraotfi on
EconomTihce o.r y . . . . . . . 54. . . . . .
ChpateTrw oR.ES EARCIHN TTOH EM ECHANIOSFMC API-
TALISETX PLOAITITON (81578-519.) . . . . 6.1 . .
1.C ritioqfPu reo udhPoent-'tBsyo urgReeofiosr mTihsem .
Commiotdays t h"eE conoCmeiloclf "C apita.l .i sm.6 3
2.T heF undamePnrtoaplo soiftt ihoTenh se oorfSy u rplus­
ValuTeh.eP ossibiolfai ntdNy e efdo Sro ciaRleivsot-
luti.o .n . . . . . . . . 7.6 . . . . . . . . .
3.T heL awo fT ime-Saavsti hnRege guloaftt ohrCe o m-
muniEscotn omLya.b ouunred rC ommuni. s.m . .8 7 .
4.E conomCirci saensd t heD evelopmoefnB to urgeois
Soectiy. . . . . . . . . 9.1 . . . . . . . . . �
ChatperT hreEeC.O ONMICS UBSTNATIATIOOFN THE
WORKING-CLSATSRSU GGLE CAIPNI TIASLTS OICETY
(1681-6158). . . . . . . . . 9.7 . . . . . . . . .
1.A nalyosfti hseC ommiotd"yL abro-uPow.e .r " . 1.0 0.
2.T heW orkiCnlga isnst hSet rucotfBu orue rgSeoociyis e 1t10
:JT.h eI nevitaobfEi clointoymC irics Tehse.I mpaocft
CapailtiAsctc umuloantt ihoCeno ndiotfi oWtno hrek e1r1 7
4.C apitMaolniosptao ndl Cya pailtiEsxtp loit.a tion1 25
5.F reTei maes t hGeo aolfC ommuniPsrtou dciton 134
.
6.F ormaanldR eaSlu bejcitoonf L abotuoCr a pi.t al 1�8
7.T heA ntagonCiosntticrcta idoionfsC apitaTlhios m.
MatreiaPlr eciotnidofnosCr o mmunSiosectti v. . 146
8.S pieifccatoifol nh eB aiscT hesoefsM arx's Economic
Theoirnty h Deo cumeonftt hsIe n etrnoC\nlaiWlo rking-
J\IenA'sss ocia. ti.o n . . . . . 1.65 . . . . . . .
flC.e rtAasipne cotfts h e\ \k'ionrg a-sCsSl trugTgoldea y16 7
ChatpeFro u.Er CONOIMCS UBSTANITATNI OOFT HEI NEVI-
TABILIOTFTY H ES OCIATL RIESVOLIUNOT (8167) 187
1.G eneDrearlsi cptoifo ntC hoem munMiosedt oPfr oduc-
lio.n . . . . . . . . .. 187. . . . . . . . . .
2.T heS trugogftl hevVe o rkiCnlgaf sosLr a boLuerg isla1t8i4o n
3.T heH istoTreincdaelon fcC ya pitAaclciuusmlta t.i on.20 1
ChatpeFri vTeH.E S CIENFTIIFCO RCEASTIONFGT HEC OM-
MUNISETC ONOM(Yt h1e78 0s.) . . . . . 21.5 . . . .
1.An alyosfiS soc iaRle produTchteiE ocno.n omPriicn -
cipolfet shP el aendDn evelopmCeonmtum noiSfsoc ti ye t215
2.T heE conoSmuibcns ttaiaitono fS cienCtoimfimcu nism
int hCeri tiqofut eh Geo thParo garmmea nAdn t-iDilnhgr i223
ChpaetrS ixM.A RX'TSH EORAYS T HEP OITN OFD EAPR­
TUREF ORL ENIN'DSE VELOPMEONFTT HEE CONOIMC
PRINICLPESO FT HET HEOROYF S CIETNIFICOCM UMNISM 232
1.M arxAinsatl yosfti hsEe c onoSmyisct ienmR ussiaan d
thDee velopomfte hnTeth eoorfyR evolu.t io.n 2.3 5.
Marx'Tsh eroya st heP oinotfD epaurrtef orL enin's
2.
StudoyfI mperia.l is.m . . . . . .2 40. . . . . .
3.S omPer obloeftm hsTe h eroy Torfa nsiftrioComapn i ta­
lim s tSoo cialCiosmmmd.oi tRye latainodnt sh eL aw
ofV aluuen deSro cial.i s.m . . . . . . 2.4 .7 . .
CONC LU SI ON. . . . . . . . . 25.4 . . . . . . . . .
1.T heI tnearlnU nyi otft hTeh eoreHteirciatolaf g el\ 1arx
andE nge.l s . .. ... ... .. . .. . 254
TheI tnrenalU nityM aorfxE 'cso noTmhieco arnydt he
2.
RevlotuionCaornyc lsu Dseiroinving from I2t5 8
Lisotf Q iwteadn dM entionLietde rature 262
NAMEI NDE.X . 266
SUBJECITND EX 268
INTROUDCTION
"Witthh sea mcee tranityw ith
whicwhe c and veeolpf rogmi ven
mathemlap tirincpcalsie nae wm a­
themalt piorcpaositwitiohnt ,h e
smae cretnayti we cadne duce
fromt hee xtiisnge conormeilca ­
toinasn dt hperi cnpileosfp oilitacl
eocnomtyh ei mminenocfse o acli
revuotolin."
F.E nge(l3s2, 6 2)
i
Thiwso rdke lasw itthh es ubnsttiaatoifso incne tific
commnuispmor vidbeyMd ar xa nEdn eglwsh etnh eeyl ab­
orattehdee iocrn omtiehcoy r.T hea uthsotru dtihedese ­
velopomfet nheteoc nomicd octirnic noeen cntn wioitthh e
theoorfsy ce inticfiocm munpirsomc,e efdriotnmhg fe a ct
tahtM arxihsamas l wadyesvo epleadsa u niotfyi tcso m­
ponepnratt, bs uta lsroei aslitnhgab te caoufts heie n ietv­
abldei ffetrieantoifso icnet nifikcno wledtghmee a isnce ­
toinosf t hteh eyo arnhdsi torMya xroifsa mr oef tdeenla t
witihni slaotiforno omn ean hoetrT.h e internal unity of
altlh pera tosft hteh eoreticoaflM arhxae nrdEi ngt­age
elasr ifsreostm h ceo mmogno al stteht ehye lmvseeisn
theriserae r:c httrosa fnosromc iaflrioasmu m ot piian to
a
sciein.cteeop., r, o viiwtdi eta hs i ceinfitbcsa i.s
Theu otpicahna treaorcf t hes ociaalnidcsm otm unist
vieowfst htei mbee cacmlee taoMr a xr ase ralays 1 482,
andi tw ast hetnah th es ehti mstehletf aks of" the
theeotrieclaalab tonir oofc ommuniidseta( ses"e 202.)
1,
Yeta,sE nglesr emkaerdt,h ibsea cmep oisbsloeln ya fter
Marhxa md adhei tsw o greaitse :hd iifsso cromvuelration,
jonitly Ewngietlhos ft, h mea tiearlciosntci eoopnfht istory
andt heel abtoioronaf tthheey o orfs ruplvuasl.-u" eWith
thedsieos vcersioaeclsimi bsecaams ec ie(n2c2,3e 8".)
Them atiearlcinoscte ipotonf h istwoarswy o rkoeudt
byM arxa ndEn gebltesw ee14n83 a nd14 86o nt hbea sis
oft hepihlrio pshoichaitlso,r iacnadel cn oomicr esrecahI.t
wast hetnoo,,t hatth efyo rmultahtege edrn aeplr i-nci
1 SeeL isotf Q uoteadn dM entioned Liteartat thueer ned o ft he
bookT.h e firnsutm beri nt heb rackeitnsdi catetsh es ourcaec cord­
ingt ot hilsi stth,e f ollowinnugm berisn dicatthee pages,
7
pleosf tthhee oorfsy c nitfieicc omumnisams, tchhei ef
conclduesriiofvnri ontmgh icso ncieopTnth.e eisrs ence, as
decsreidbb yL enin,t hawttah seb yor uhgto tu" thheio srtic
roloeft ehp roleatsat rhibeau ltied ro fs ocliissaotc yi"e,t
thibsie ngi,nL einno'psi n"itohnce,h itehfi inngt hdeo c­
trionfMe a rx("4 45,8 2). Isnidniecneel d a,t1 e48 3a nd
eral1y48 4M arfixr sctma e toc otnuhcseli ionnh ,i wso rk
Conbtutriiotnot hCer itoifqH uegee lP'hisls oophoyfL aw.
Intdruoicotnt,h atthp er oletianor ridatetolr, i e braittes elf
frotmh oep preistss ffiueornie ndb ourgsecooiiesbt saye,d
onp rivate wporuohlpdae vtreotd yse,t rtohyas toe ctiayn d
buial cdl asscloemsmsu,ns ioscyti- senitcteh einn, ­Eng
esl'w ords",t hteh eoreetxipcraelso fs iotpnhoi est ioofn
tlpireo letiantr ehic alta"ss tsr uaggglaeit nhsbeto ur­geoi
si"et,h teh eorestuimctmaialoo nft hce ondiftoitroh nes
liberoaftt hipeor no lett"(5a ,r3 i0a3-b0e4oc)m etsh cee ­n
tratla sokf tMhaer xtiesatc hEinnggef.lo ssc euadt ten­
tioonnt hree volutcihoatnreaaorrcf ty h ceo nucslisof nol­
lowionngf rotmh em atericaolnpictseitoo nfh itsroy:
"Thpeor psecotfa gigarnetviocl utthimeoo ns,t ngtiigca
revoltuhtaihtoa ns ever taackcenongry ld ppirleeansctes,
itsteolu fsa ss ooansw ep usruoeu rm aterti tahleissis
furetTah nadp piltty o ptrheeens tti me�12", 2 20).
Yet tthheeo redteivocepalmleo nftt hmea tearliicsotn ­
ceptoifho inos rtayn do ft hteh eoorfy e snictfiicco mm­u
nisamr isfirnogimt w asb yn om eancso mplientt ehde
1480.sT hiwso rhka odn ljysu tb geu.nI tw ass,of ra,n o
more ats hcanintec ih fiyphoetsbiusta ,sL einnw rtoe",o ne
whicfihr sctra etetdh pe ossiibliotfay stcrtilsyic entific
approtaohc siht oraincdsa olc piralolmeb s"( 391,93 )I.n
partitchumel aatrea,ril iscto ncepotfhi ioosnrt yi ndaitced
thwea yt ot akienf urtehlearb oraantdsi usnbtga ntiating
thteh eoorfsyi c entific mc.o mmunis
Tod etertmhien ep roesailot fito hnwe o rkicnlgai sns
borugeosioesct iayn dt om akea scienftroieaficscot f i ts
futuirwte as,e ssetnitaola secrttaehi nn fduaemnttaerln ds
int hdee vpemeltono fb ourgseoocyii sae ntdt hmee hca­
nisbmy w hicihtf unicoetnd1.t f ollofwreotdmh mea te­
riacloinscte opfht iisotnto hrabytor ugesooiecsti wya bssa ed
ont eh cpaita�loidseot f p rdoucitont,h ep riortiatsyk
tehroerfbeie ntgo i dteyin afnsdt u"dhtye e ocnomliacwo f
motio(1n 4"2, 0 o)f tshcoiise." t Hyvainrge ciosgetndh at
tehe conosmyiscti estm eh ufnoadtioonn w hitchhpe o lit-
icla sueprstruicset urreeecd tM,a rxd eovtde higsr eatest
attenttoti hosent uodfyt his ecsoynsotme(im64c", 2 5.)
Thet ehoyr osfu rspv-lauldueeev leodpi nC apimtaadlie t
possfiobMrla er xt or eavlet ehw ayt hcepa iatlimsotd oef
porduticofnu ncnteidao ndt oa cserttaehi nf undnatmael
trnedsi ni tdse velopamsse uncth;a cittu aclolnys tituted
ane coniocsm usbtantioaftt ehit ohne oorfsy c niteicfiocm ­
munsim.Le nisnts rseetdh a"tMa rdxe dutcheiesn evitabil­
itoyf t het ransforomfca patiitoansl oicsitie nttsyoo cial­
issto .yc wiheotlalnyde cxlusifvreoltmyh ee conolmaiwc
oft eh dveelopmoefcn_ot n tempsoorcayir"ey (4 t 7,7 1).
Thutsh,ae p preaanocfeC aiptsailg endit fihceo mpleotfi on
teh porcebsysw hicshoi claiswma st ranmsefdof rroam
hyophtesiisn tos cait einficparloldvy de octr(iesnee3 9,
124-34).
In rMxailsitt ertahtseut rueod,fyt ehp orblesm sofc ien­
tificco mmuniisus smau lllyi nkeda p whliiotpshho icvailn­
diciaootnf i tI.n deteehd c,r eatoifto hnme atericaolni­st
ceptoifoh nsi tomreya nta,tt hsem aet iem,a phoislhoip­
caslu bstanotfti hattehi eoonor fsy ic entciofimcm unIistm .
woulbdew rongh,o wevteocr o,n efi sntudtiote hspe h ilo­
sophli acseapcot ft ihst heyo'rse lbaorant.Ai no euqally
imporrtloaeni tnt hdee evlopmoeftn htte h eoorfsy c i­en
tificco mmuniissp ml aybeydt eh econojmsuitci fication
ofi. t
Marx'esc onodmoicct rpiornived eadne conobmacikc- up
fotrh et heoorfsy c niiteficco mmunniosotmn lbye cause
hiesc onomilcu ssci foounnlccloyn mfierdt eh basipcr opo­
stiioonfst ihst heoPrryo.b atbhlemy o sitm ptoarnttih ng
ist ahtb,y e lboariantgh ieso cnomdiocct nreiM,a rxw as
ablet od eveolpa nd csipfteyh epsreo possiott iahottn hse y
coubledt horoughlcyo mepahrnedvn eslitye sdt ient eh
clabstast loefs ptorhleae rtiTahtet. eh oyr osfc iteinficco m­
muniswma sp utto t htee istnt eh1 488-r4e9v onlsuTt.hi eo
hsitoorfyt hFei rIstnte rinoantsahlo wtsh aattt, h itmsie ,
Marx'tsh eowraysb eocminag g enugiunietd oea ctifoonr
thew orikngc laisnsi tpsol iatlia cnde conosmtircu ggle
witthh ec laosfsc aiptalTihseth sio.sr ticcauolfi rmation
reecivbooy t hteh eoorfsy c iteinficco mmunaitst hmte i me
oft heF irIstnte rnatainodirnil n s husoqupeeinrotd sst i­
mulattehdef urtdhveeerol pmeonftt hitsh eoArtyt .h r
samtemi e,i ts howteahdt M arxe'csoo mnidcoc tirneo,n
whicthih st heyo irsb asegdi,v ae tsr uree flieocontf t h0
cpaitamloidsoetf p orducitono,f thei tfw nuacyt iaonnds
thef undametnrteanildn s itesl odpnemtvLe.e niwnr ote
tha"tM axr'escn oomidco ctriistn heme o sptor foucnodm,­
preshievnaen d dectoafinirlmeadta inodan p palitioconf h is
theo(r4 y75",9 .)
Maxr ubiulpth iesc onofmuoincdi aotfno treh t heoorfy
scniteicfiocm mungirsdamu alalsyh ,ed eevlpoedh iesc o­
nomidcoc trTihneecr.ea b ne n od outbhta t cotnhcel usions
drawfnr otmh idso ctrwiintrehe spteoc t tthehoer yo f
scienctoimfimcu nidsumr ivnagir ouhsi osrticpareli ods
musbte c onsriedfder otmh ea ngolfet hde ergeoef m a­
turiotfy tdhoactt arti npeteh ireo idnq uestTihoionsb. l iges
three sreceahrt o contshsieedc eorln ucosnisi nt heh is­
toircaolrd ienrw hicthh ewye rmea daen dd veeleodp.
A histoarpipcraolma akcehis t p ossitbola es ctearitnh e
deevloptm oefnM arx'asn dE ngevlise'w s carneda tively
toa ssimMialxar'tesec onotmhoiercy a ndi tcso lnucsions.
"It noittsh bear ec oncluosfwi honiscw hea re siunc h
ueed,r abtuhstet ru; d"Ey ngewlrso tien1 484",ht ec on­
clusairones nowtihhtoiunttgeh r easnogtn hiahta lse udp
to thtehmiw;se h avkeno wns inHceeg ;ea lndt eh co­n
clusiaorwneo sr steah nu seliefts hse ayr fie nailnt ehm­
selviefts h,ea yr neo ttru neidn tpor emifsoefrsu rtdhee­r
ductio(n2s4,"57 .)
Then atuorfet eh propowsoerdkm akeuss c onnc­e
tratoen tphreo iptonissoa nd lcsuoinocnosf M arx's
ecoomnitch eotrahyta red ierctllniyk ewdi tthh ee ocn­
omiscu bsitaatniotofnt eh theorys cioieffin ccto mm­un
ims.T hiasn golfea pparcoht oM arxe'cso nodmocitcr ine
isn otm e.tw itfhr eeqnutilnym oedrnM arxilsitt erature
(osmew orkosft his wtiylbpleed isculstasree,)td h ough
thiass ptew cast hmeo sitm oprtaonntef oMra rx, Engels
andL eniLne.n isnp okoefM arxipsotil ciatelc oomnya s
"oscliiaspto liteiccoanlo. m "yM"ra'xse conotmhieco ry
alo,n"he ew rote,e x"phlaatsih nteer edup oisitoonft hper o­
lteariinat th gee rnaesly stoefmc atpaili(s4 m4", 4365,;
28.)
Ana nalyosfMi asr xe'cso notmhiecow riytr he spteoc t
teht ehoroyfs cniteicfoimcmn uisims a,p afrrto amn hyitng
elsoef,c o nesriadhilmep ortfaontrceh e s trugaggilame; t
thocsrei toifMc asr sxmiw hor ejteehc rte vtoinloaurcyo ­n
clusioofMn asr xitshte oirsyo,l sactiteei nficco mmiusnm
froMma r'xse conodmoitccrei ,an nds evta ruispo eriiond s
thed evelopomfeM natr xiMsmar,x isamn dL eninism,
io
agaionnseatn othWehirl.re ce ogmsMmagxr trheees acrh..
erb,o ruegoiasn dr evisitohneiosrte toifcttierantyn o si so­
lathei mf rmo Marxt eh revolutTihoenayas resyr.ttah t
hitseh oriysi ncolmeptaen dt hatth,e re,t fhoerhreaebs e en
not ransfirtoiumot nio apsnco ialtioss icme ntisfioiccla ism.
Theb esrtfe utaotifso unca hs steiroinsps r oufnodr esceha r
intMoa xr'esoc nomtihce oarsyi tw asd veeolpewdh,i ch
makeistp osbsliteo broiunttg h eo rgalniiknc b teween
tihst heyo arndt her evolutcioonncaolrnuysos fis cniteif­
icc ommumn.iT shea uthhoorp etasht t hse tudpryee ns­t
edi nt hwiosr wki lslh otwh atth eirsne o j ustififcoaortp i­on
positnehg" sicentciofimcm uniassempc"ot f C apittota hle
resotf ciotensn tst.T het woa rei nsreapballiykn edI.n
parctuilaar s,t udoyf rMxa'esoc nmoict heofrryo tmh is
angrlveee atlehs u nteniatobyfi t lhceu rrentwliyd espread
theyo orfc onvnecreg( eiint dsi ffevraerni)tat, nht teseh oyr
thatth cea pitaanldsi oiscatl sicositas ly staermdesr awing
tgoethOenreo. f t hfeu ndeanmtparlo posairtiisofinrnsog m
Maxr'esoc noimcd octriinste h ceo lnucosnit hacta pitalism
andc ommunairscemo mepetl scoiaolp poesswi,ht icdho es
nostiu tt hceo nvertgheenocraeit as ltls.
CritoifMc asxr 'tsh eory vedrsiyt oiortftpst r eonp osi­
toins-noontl( yro a lwa)by secatuhsiiess t ehrii ntention
buta lsboea cusoef t ehivru lgdaorg,m avtiiecwo sft he
esseonfct eeh Marixsdtoc trei.Tn heb setw ay rteof ute
suhc dsitortiisto ocn osn sitdhveeir e owsf xM aanrdE n­
gelfsr oam h sitoraincgalwleh i cmha keistp ossible to
trcaet ehidrve elopmaenndtt h etirru pel aicneM axrist
tehory.
Thee ocnomsibucs atntiaptriodovenid i nt eh works of
Maxr andE ngeolfst hhe iosrticraollo eft eh proletariat
isc onseiddf errotmh raeneg lients h ibso oka:n alyosfi s
tehp oisitoann ds trugogftl ehe w orkicnlgai sncs a pitalist
socipertoyoo,fft hien evitoafbs iolciitayl ista nrde volution
thdeci tatoorfst hhpieopr el tarainadsti c,e infitfco recasting
ofc ommusntsi coiety.
1
Ina ccodranwciet theh m ehtodu sehde rfeo cro ndsreiing
teh workosfM arxa ndE ngehlsisot ric,at lhtlea ysske its
1 Theth eoroyfs cientciofimcm uniisso,mfc ourmsuec,bh r oader
inc onteWne th.a vceh ostehne tsher aesep efcitrsbs,et c,a uthseey
apptloyt hce entprraolb loefsm csi iefinccto mmunainsdms, e cond,
becausteh eryce eivt€lhdem osdte taisluebds tantiniM aatrxi'osn
�ocnomtihcoe ry.
toa sctearitnhc eo ncsuetisvtea giens etcheo nosmbuisct an­
tiatpiorovni dbeydM arxa ndE ngeflostr h et heoorfy
sciiefinccto mmuniSsnimc.ee conosmuibcs tanwtaisa tion
natursaulbdloyirn attoet dhl eo cg oifM arxe'cso normei­c
saercah p,e riodiosfMa atrixow'nos r okn h iseo cnomci
dorcnite-hteh istoofr ywt rhie toifnC ga pli-tiatsa ekn as
thbea sfiosr stthreu cotftu hribeso o.k
ChpateOrn ed eawlist h fitrhssett eipnse a lboratthien g
econotmhieco ir.yet,.h efi, r setl emse inntt hee conomic
subnsttiaaotifto hnne a stc eentoyhr ofs cifiecnc toimmun­
ims,a sf ormuliantt heedw orkosf M arx andE ngels
writbteetnw e1e48n3 a1n48d9 I.t w asa tt hitsi mteah t
thuer gennete d becamef oaar f pupratrehelbenaortar i ton
oft heec onodmot:i:ccrn iea sa b asist hfdeeo vre leonpotmf
scienctoimfimcus nmi.A tt hse amtemi e,d uirngth ipse ­
riotdh en ecersyms eahtodollo pgrioecndcaiitonfso tr his
werees tiasbhleadbo,v aelt lh de iailcelacm tatericaolni­st
ceptoifto hnhe i osrtoyf h umasno ectiy.
ChaptTewroas n dT hreaer dee votteotd h eeo cnomic
susbtantioaftt hiteoh ne oorfsy c iteinficco mmundius­rm
ingt eh periwohde Mn arxw asd evpeilnotgh ep irniclpes
of heciosn otmhieco (1r 5y8- 71658.)O vetrh eyseera sh,e
prdoucethdr ee vreorusgiohof Cn asip tawlok,ri nogut t he
theoorfsy u rpluuesw,-hv iacplhl ayteehd d eciivrseo lien
theec onosmuibacsn ttiaotfti hotenh eoorfsy c niteificco m­
munism.
Ani mporfteaanttu rteh e ofrm oaungcuhrs ipotfCs a p­
itiaslt hatth erye fletchtve e rpyrc oesosft hteh eoirclea t
inuqiriytn o tchpaei taelciosmntyo ,w hicihs rneopt eated
int hteh er veolumeosfC aiptapelre snntgit hree suolft s
thirse srcehaC.o nsenqtulaey s,t udoyft her ougmhan u­
scriopfCt asp iitsea sles ntfioaerlsa tblisahlitlnh gle i nks
inM arxe'lsa boroaft iheoicnso notmehioycr a n,dc orres­
ponndgiliyn,t hesb utsantioafts iconintfie icc ommunism.
Moreotvherero ,u mghan uscricpotnst caoindnse iratbehloe­
retimcaatle rtihaaflto ,ar v aryi oefrt easowanssn ,o itn ­
cludientd h efi nla versoifoC na iptaTlh.ip sr opmtsteh
conclutshiaootnn l tyh eeo cnomhierci taogfMe a rxa nd
Engeilnis t esn ticraegnti yv ae c orriedceta t hoMefa rx­
iset conotmehiocra yn Mda rxm'set h.o d
ChaptFeourras n dF ivceo nsiad evrei rmyp orsttaangt0
int eh ecnoomiscu bstanotfit ahteti hoenoo rfsy c iiefinct
commuinms-that contneewdc itthh ep ubaltiicoofn
sev-
t2