The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century PDF
Preview The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century
DUMBARTON OAKS STUDIES XXXIX THEECONOMIC HISTORYOFBYZANTIUM Volume 1 Thebookisbeingpublishedintwoeditions: aGreekversionbyMIETinAthensandthisEnglish versionbyDumbartonOaks. THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF BYZANTIUM From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century Volume 1 Angeliki E. Laiou, Editor-in-Chief ScholarlyCommittee Charalambos Bouras C´ecile Morrisson Nicolas Oikonomides† Constantine Pitsakis Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. (cid:1) 2002 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData TheeconomichistoryofByzantium:fromthesevenththroughthefifteenthcentury/AngelikiE. Laiou,editor-in-chief;scholarlycommittee,CharalambosBouras...[etal.]. p.cm.—DumbartonOaksstudies;39) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-88402-288-9(pbk.) 1.ByzantineEmpire—Economicconditions. I.Laiou,AngelikiE. II.Bouras, Charalampos. III.Series. HC294.E252001 330.9495(cid:1)—dc21 2001032597 Contents Volume 1 Preface ix Introduction Writing the Economic History of Byzantium 3 Angeliki E. Laiou Political History: An Outline 9 Angeliki E. Laiou Part One: The Natural Environment, Resources, Communications, and Production Techniques Physical Factors in the Evolution of the Landscape and Land Use 31 Bernard Geyer The Human Resources 46 Angeliki E. Laiou Land and Sea Communications, Fourth–Fifteenth Centuries 55 Anna Avramea Ships 89 George Makris The Means of Agricultural Production: Muscle and Tools 99 Anthony Bryer Mining 112 Klaus-Peter Matschke Metallurgy and Metalworking Techniques 118 Maria K. Papathanassiou Marble and Stoneworking in Byzantium, Seventh–Fifteenth Centuries 125 Jean-Pierre Sodini Essential Processes, Looms, and Technical Aspects of the Production of Silk Textiles 143 Anna Muthesius vi Contents Part Two: The Sixth Century, Background The Sixth-Century Economy 165 C´ecile Morrisson and Jean-Pierre Sodini CaseStudy Anemourion 214 James Russell Part Three: Structures, Organization, and Development of Production Agriculture The Rural Economy, Seventh–Twelfth Centuries 225 Jacques Lefort The Agrarian Economy, Thirteenth–Fifteenth Centuries 305 Angeliki E. Laiou Byzantium and the Mediterranean Agrarian Civilization 370 Pierre Toubert Volume 2 UrbanEconomy The Urban Economy, Seventh–Twelfth Centuries 385 Gilbert Dagron The Late Byzantine Urban Economy, Thirteenth–Fifteenth Centuries 454 Klaus-Peter Matschke Aspects of the Byzantine City, Eighth–Fifteenth Centuries 487 Charalambos Bouras Medieval Constantinople: Built Environment and Urban Development 519 Paul Magdalino Master Craftsmen, Craftsmen, and Building Activities in Byzantium 528 Charalambos Bouras The Industries of Art 544 Anthony Cutler Writing Materials, Documents, and Books 577 Nicolas Oikonomides† Pottery and Glass in Byzantium 581 V´eronique Fran¸cois and Jean-Michel Spieser Byzantine Weights 598 Christopher Entwistle Contents vii CaseStudies Sardis 602 Clive Foss and Jane Ayer Scott The Urban Economy of Pergamon 610 Klaus Rheidt Thebes 617 Aspasia Louvi-Kizi Medieval Athens 625 Maria Kazanaki-Lappa Corinth 633 G.D.R. Sanders Numismatic Circulation in Corinth from 976 to 1204 641 Vasso Penna Kherson and Its Region 645 Anne Bortoli and Michel Kazanski Preslav 652 Ivan Jordanov Tu˘rnovo, Sixth–Fourteenth Centuries 657 Konstantin Dochev Part Four: Exchange, Trade, and Markets Economic and Non-Economic Exchange 665 Angeliki E. Laiou Exchange and Trade, Seventh–Twelfth Centuries 681 Angeliki E. Laiou Commerce, Trade, Markets, and Money, Thirteenth–Fifteenth Centuries 755 Klaus-Peter Matschke The Levant Trade in the Middle Ages 791 John Day Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World 799 C´ecile Morrisson and Jean-Claude Cheynet SpecialTopics Monemvasia, Seventh–Fifteenth Centuries 863 Haris Kalligas Byzantine Shipwrecks 882 Frederick van Doorninck, Jr. viii Contents Volume 3 Part Five: Economic Institutions and the State Byzantine Money: Its Production and Circulation 891 C´ecile Morrisson A Note on Monetary Mechanisms, East and West 945 John Day The Role of the Byzantine State in the Economy 951 Nicolas Oikonomides† LegalAspectsoftheEconomy Legal Institutions and Practice in Matters of Ecclesiastical Property 1037 Eleutheria Papagianni Protimesis (Preemption) in Byzantium 1048 Eleutheria Papagianni Byzantine Legislation on Economic Activity Relative to Social Class 1060 Eleutheria Papagianni The Byzantine Law of Interest 1071 Demetrios Gofas Legal Aspects of the Financing of Trade 1081 Olga Maridaki-Karatza Part Six: General Traits of the Byzantine Economy Economic Thought and Ideology 1099 Angeliki E. Laiou The Byzantine Economy: An Overview 1121 Angeliki E. Laiou List of Abbreviations 1141 Index 1147 Preface The idea of producing a book on the economic history of the Byzantine Empire was firstfloatedsomeyearsago,whenthelateandmuchregrettedNicholasSvoronos,who wouldhaveplayedamajorrole,wasstillalive.Anumberofunfavorablecircumstances did not allow us to proceed further. Eventually, that first idea was revisited, was in- vested with substance, and became reality; the volumes at hand are the result. The successfulcompletionofthislargeanddifficultprojectisowedtotheenlightenedinter- est,indeedcommitment,ofcertainindividualsandinstitutionswhosecontributionhas been decisive. The institutional sponsors are the Bank of Greece and the Union of Greek Banks, while the Cultural Foundation of the National Bank of Greece (MIET) has beenresponsible forthe practical aspectsof thecoordination and forthe publica- tion of the Greek edition. Efthymios Christodoulou, who was governor of the Bank of Greece when support for the project was being sought, had always shown great interest in the history of the Byzantine economy, for he realizes the importance of Byzantium in the history of humankind, and therefore the need for a global examination of the economy that formedthe underpinningsof thestate andcultureof Byzantium.His enthusiasmwas expressed through his continued encouragement and moral support, and it took ma- terial form in the considerable contribution of the Bank of Greece in financing the project. The late Manolis Kasdaglis, director for many years of the Cultural Foundation of the National Bank of Greece, was one of the first individuals to conceive the idea of suchaprojectandgavehisunwaveringsupporttoitsrealization.Itisamatterofdeep regret that his untimely death did not allow him to see the publication of this book. ThelateMichaelVranopoulos,whenhewaschairmanoftheUnionofGreekBanks, also expressed interest in the project; we owe the participation of the Union in the sponsorshipoftheprojecttohimandtotheGoverningBoardoftheUnion.Successive governorsanddirectorsoftheBankofGreeceandtheUnionofGreekBanksrespec- tively showed unflagging interest and facilitated our work in a number of ways. I should like to thank Loukas Papademos, currently governor of the Bank of Greece, andGeorgiosMirkos,formergovernoroftheNationalBankofGreece.Specialthanks are owed to Theodoros Karatzas, currently governor of the National Bank of Greece andchairmanoftheUnionofGreekBanks,forhisunwaveringsupportandformak- ing decisive contributions which ensured that the project would reach completion. I am particularly grateful to Yiannis Manos, former general secretary of the Union of x Preface Greek Banks, for his manifold help. I am also happy to acknowledge the support of the governing boards of the Union of Greek Banks and MIET. TheScholarlyCommittee,consistingofC´ecileMorrisson,CharalambosBouras,Ni- colas Oikonomides, and Constantine Pitsakis, collaborated in exemplary fashion on theorganinzation andrealizationof theproject.Along withtheircontribution togen- eral issues, members of the committee had editorial supervision of specific chapters: N.Oikonomidesofthechaptersontheagrarianeconomy,Ch.Bourasofthoseonthe urban economy, C. Morrisson of the chapters on commerce, and C. Pitsakis of the chapters that treat legal issues. I am particularly grateful to C. Morrisson, who gave generous and valuable help, reading and commenting on chapters for which she was notformallyresponsible.Ibeartheresponsibilityforthesupervisionoftheentirework. I should like to thank a number of economists—Vassilis Droukopoulos, Georgios Krimbas, Georgios Liodakis, and Stavros Thomadakis—who, at an early stage of the project,participatedinaworkshop and contributed, with their knowledge of the sci- ence of economics, to the better conceptualization of the topics with which we were dealing. Giventhelargenumberofparticipants,theworkofcoordinationwasimmenseand difficult.IshouldliketothankthestaffofMIET,andmostparticularlyOlgaDrosinou, fortheassistance theyprovided.AgamemnonTselikasand DemetriosKyritseshelped with the illustrations, and I am grateful to them. I should also like to thank Charles Dibble for his contribution to the onerous task of checking the translations. Finally, I should like to thank all of the authors for their contribution to this collec- tive effort. Their scholarship, their enthusiasm for the project, and the patience they showed throughout our lengthy collaboration made a difficult task pleasant and pro- ductive. Angeliki E. Laiou
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