The Ecology of Trees in the Tropical Rain Forest (Cambridge Tropical Biology Series) PDF
Preview The Ecology of Trees in the Tropical Rain Forest (Cambridge Tropical Biology Series)
This page intentionally left blank TheEcologyofTreesintheTropicalRainForest Currentknowledgeoftheecologyoftropicalrain-foresttreesislimited,with detailedinformationavailablefor perhapsonly a few hundredof the many thousands of species that occur. Yet a good understanding of the trees is essential to unravelling the workings of the forest itself. This book aims to summarisecontemporaryunderstandingoftheecologyoftropicalrain-forest trees.Theemphasisisoncomparativeecology,anapproachthatcanhelpto identifypossibleadaptivetrendsandevolutionaryconstraintsandwhichmay alsoleadtoaworkableecologicalclassiWcationfortreespecies,conceptually simplifying the rain-forest community and making it more amenable to analysis. Theorganisationofthebookfollowsthelifecycleofatree,startingwith thematuretree,movingontoreproductionandthenconsideringseedgermi- nation and growth to maturity. Topics covered therefore include structure andphysiology,populationbiology,reproductivebiologyandregeneration. ThebookconcludeswithacriticalanalysisofecologicalclassiWcationsystems fortreespeciesinthetropicalrainforest. IANTURNERhasconsiderableWrst-handexperienceofthetropicalrainforests of South-EastAsia, havinglived and worked in the region for morethan a decade.AftergraduatingfromOxfordUniversity,hetookupalecturingpost attheNationalUniversityofSingaporeandiscurrentlyAssistantDirectorof theSingaporeBotanicGardens.HehasalsospenttimeatHarvardUniversity asBullardFellow,andatKyotoUniversityasGuestProfessorintheCenter forEcologicalResearch. MMMM CAMBRIDGE TROPICAL BIOLOGY SERIES EDITORS: PeterS.AshtonArnoldArboretum,HarvardUniversity StephenP.HubbellPrincetonUniversity DanielH.JanzenUniversityofPennsylvania PeterH.RavenMissouriBotanicalGarden P.B.TomlinsonHarvardForest,HarvardUniversity Alsointheseries Tomlinson,P.B.Thebotanyofmangroves Lowe-McConnell,R.H.EcologicalstudiesintropicalWshcommunities Roubik,D.W.Ecologyandnaturalhistoryoftropicalbees Benzing,D.H.Vascularepiphytes Endress,P.K.DiversityandevolutionarybiologyoftropicalXowers MMMM The Ecology of Trees in the Tropical Rain Forest I.M. TURNER SingaporeBotanicGardens The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org ©I. M. Turner 2004 First published in printed format 2001 ISBN 0-511-04148-9 eBook (netLibrary) ISBN 0-521-80183-4 hardback CONTENTS Preface pagexi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 Thetropicalrainforest 1 Tropicaltrees 2 Species 2 Tropicalrain-forestdiversity 6 Adaptation 9 Theimportanceofphylogeny 10 TheecologicalclassiWcationoftropicalrain-foresttrees 13 2 Thegrowingtree 15 Trees:form,mechanicsandhydraulics 15 Treestature 15 Wood 18 Tropicaltimber 21 Themechanicaldesignoftrees 24 Buttresses 28 Leaningtrees 34 Treefall 35 Sapascent 35 Treehydraulics 37 Treearchitecture 40 Allometry 41 Bark 46 Roots 46 Roothemi-parasites 48 vii Contents viii Mineralnutrition 50 Mycorrhizas 52 NitrogenWxation 56 Othermethodsofobtainingextranutrients 57 Comparativeuseofnutrients 58 Elementaccumulation 60 Leafformandphysiology 60 Size,shapeandotherstructuralcharacteristics 62 Leafprotection 67 Thedefencesoftropicalforesttrees 69 ClassiWcationofplantdefences 81 Foliarbacterialnodules 82 Leafdevelopment:colouredyoungleaves 83 Leaflongevity 86 TheinXuenceofshade 90 Highlightconditions 94 OtherfactorsinXuencingleafperformance 95 Speciesgroupsbasedonleafcharacteristics 96 3 Treeperformance 103 Age,sizeandgrowthintropicalrain-foresttrees 103 Thedynamicsoftreepopulationsintherainforest 105 Mortalityintrees 105 Treegrowthintheforest 108 Treeperformanceinrelationtolightclimate 111 Mortality,growthandadultsize 114 Theuseofgrowthandmortalitydatatorecognisespecies groups 116 Relativeperformanceofspeciesofsimilarlifehistory 118 Whatlimitstreegrowth? 119 Herbivory 121 4 Reproductivebiology 122 Reproduction 122 Vegetativereproduction 122 Sexualsystems 123 Geneticdiversity 125 WhentoXower? 127 Pollination 130 Pollinationsyndromes 131 TropicalXowers 144
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