The Ecology of Aquatic Hyphomycetes

238 Pages·1992·6.86 MB·English

by  Felix Bärlocher (auth.)

Ecological Studies, Vol. 94
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Felix Barlocher (Ed.)
The Ecology
of Aquatic
Hyphomycetes
With 23 Figures in 107 Parts
and 18 Tables
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Professor Dr. Felix Barlocher
Department of Biology
Mount Allison University
Sackville, N.B., EOA 3CO
Canada
ISBN-13 :978-3-642-76857-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76855-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-76855-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Ecology of aquatic hyphomyceteslFelix Barlocher (ed.). p. cm.
(Ecological studies; vol. 94)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76857-6 (Berlin: alk. paper): DM188.00-
1. Hyphomycetes - Ecology. 2. Aquatic fungi - Ecology.
1. Biirlocher, Felix. II. Series: Ecological studies; v. 94.
QK625.AIE36 1992 589.2'4 - dc20 92-9577 CIP
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Foreword
Some of the favourite comments of reviewers of multi-authored
books are that the various sections are uneven in quality, or incom
pletely integrated, or, that an overall theme is lacking. A seamless,
complete story often seems to be the ideal. This may be appropriate
for an undergraduate textbook; in my view, it does not convey
a true picture of a field attractive to researchers. To paraphrase
Simberloff's (1980) remarks on ecology: what reviewers view as
noise, is music to the scientist; the individuality of approaches is the
most striking, intrinsic, and inspiring characteristic of books review
ing research in progress. To reflect some of this diversity, I have
invited respected, active scientists as co-authors. My main concerns
have been to avoid obvious errors, and to keep overlap between
individual chapters at a reasonable level. Nevertheless, each chapter
is meant to be intelligible by itself, without constant reference to the
rest of the book. The aim was to give as complete a review of the
biology and ecology of aquatic hyphomycetes as possible. Obvious
gaps remain; I hope these are due to the fact that no information is
available, and not to an oversight of mine.
It is inevitable that researchers are influenced by the "contem
porary intellectual milieu". Stream ecology, theoretical ecology and
general fungal ecology (of soil fungi and, more recently, of wood
decomposing macrofungi) have a longer history and have been more
influential than the studies of aquatic hyphomycetes. A critical
evaluation of what these areas have to offer seemed appropriate.
One approach would have been to ask external experts for a con
tribution. I decided instead to give my own interpretation, because I
think that a thorough knowledge of the specific group should come
first. Undoubtedly, others will reach different conclusions concern
ing the usefulness of some of the recent developments in stream
ecology, theoretical ecology and fungal ecology. There is an
abundance of books, reviews and symposia on these topics allowing
readers to pursue these topics in more depth.
VI Foreword
Ecologists often express the conviction that insights from their
own field have general implications; conversely, they believe their
field is unique and will therefore offer unique insights. Or, they
claim that their field has great practical implications. Even though
I have used similar sentences myself, I no longer find them par
ticularly appropriate. They often have little to do with what attracts
scientists to one field or another, and they are poor guides to where
the next breakthrough will occur. Prospects for advancing our
knowledge of aquatic hyphomycetes remain brightest if mycologists
continue to feel the love of, and enthusiasm for, aquatic hypho
mycetes still evident in C.T. Ingold. I don't doubt that readers of
this book wishing to initiate research on aquatic hyphomycetes will
be able to formulate their own rationalizations to convince granting
agencies or prospective employers.
Many friends and colleagues have contributed, directly or in
directly, to this book. Above all, I'm grateful to Bryce Kendrick,
who introduced me to aquatic hyphomycetes and who has continued
to give support and advice whenever needed. I wish to thank
Professor O.L. Lange for his enthusiastic support of this project.
I'm grateful to my co-authors, who, for the most part, delivered
their manuscripts on time. In addition, several of them kindly
reviewed individual chapters, as did Maurice Lock and Mike Winter
bourn. Ken Thomas, H.O.P. Crick, C.T. Ingold, John Webster,
Ludmila Marvanova, E. Descals and H.B.N. Hynes provided me
with unpublished information. I'm particularly indebted to John
Webster for his hospitality during my sabbatical year in Exeter, and
for access to his laboratory and bibliography.
A.D.M. Rayner and C.A. Shearer, and the University of
Cambridge Press and the New York Botanical Garden gave per
mission to reprint Fig. 3.1.
Aquatic hyphomycetes came into their own largely through the
contributions of three scientists: C.T. Ingold, who discovered them;
John Webster, who worked out much of their biology and ecology;
H.B.N. Hynes, who emphasized the role of leaves in the energy
flow of streams, and who established the role of fungi as link
between leaves and invertebrates. I therefore dedicate this book to
C.T. Ingold, John Webster and H.B.N. Hynes.
Sackville/Canada, 30 May, 1991 Felix Barlocher
Simberloff D (1980) A succession of paradigms in ecology: essentialism to
materialism and probabilism. Synthese 43:3-39
Contents
1 Research on Aquatic Hyphomycetes:
Historical Background and Overview
Felix Bar/ocher ......................................... . 1
1.1 Early Discoveries .............................. . 1
1.2 Ingold's Breakthrough .......................... . 3
1.3 Significance of the Spore Shape .................. . 3
1.4 i\dvancesinTaxonomy ......................... . 5
1.5 Substrata Colonized by i\quatic Hyphomycetes ..... . 5
1.6 Geographical Distribution and Temperature
Preferences .................................... . 7
1. 7 Nutrition ...................................... . 7
1.8 Sporulation .................................... . 8
1.9 Role in Food Webs ............................. . 10
1.10 Water Chemistry ............................... . 10
References ............................................ . 11
2 Recent Developments in Stream Ecology
and Their Relevance to Aquatic Mycology
Felix Barlocher ......................................... . 16
2.1 Longitudinal Variation:
Distinct Zones or Gradual Replacement? .......... . 16
2.2 The River Continuum Concept ................... . 19
2.3 Hyporheos and Groundwater .................... . 23'
2.4 Pristine Rivers and Their Boundaries ............. . 24
2.5 The Effects of i\ltitude and Latitude .............. . 25
2.6 Drift and Compensatory Mechanisms ............. . 26
2.6.1 Transport Within and Between Streams ........... . 26
2.6.2 Exchanges with the Surrounding Terrestrial Habitats 30
2.6.3 Exchanges with the Sea ......................... . 31
2.7 Conclusions ................................... . 32
References ............................................ . 32
VIII Contents
3 Community Organization
Felix Biirlocher (With 1 Figure) ........................... . 38
3.1 Theories of Community Structure ................ . 38
3.1.1 Historical Background .......................... . 38
3.1.2 Recent Criticisms .............................. . 42
3.1.2.1 Physics as a Model for Ecology ................... . 42
3.1.2.2 Does Competition Explain Community Structure? .. . 43
3.1.2.3 Predation and Disturbance ...................... . 44
3.1.2.4 Deterministic Chaos ............................ . 45
3.2 Fungal Ecology ................................ . 46
3.2.1 Recent Developments .......................... . 46
3.2.2 Aquatic Hyphomycetes ......................... . 49
3.2.2.1 Relative Importance in Leaf Decay ............... . 49
3.2.2.2 Seasonal()ccurrence ............................ . 50
3.2.2.3 Competition ................................... . 54
3.2.2.4 Niche Partitioning .............................. . 59
3.2.2.5 Ephemeral and Divided Resources ............... . 68
3.3 Conclusions ................................... . 69
References ............................................ . 69
4 The Role of Woody Debris
CA. Shearer (With 1 Figure) ............................. . 77
4.1 Introduction ................................... . 77
4.2 ()ccurrence of Aquatic Hyphomycetes on Wood .... . 78
4.2.1 Sampling Techniques ........................... . 78
4.2.2 Species ()ccurring on Wood ..................... . 79
4.3 Role of Woody Debris in Aquatic Hyphomycete
Life Cycles .................................... . 85
4.3.1 Habitat and Nutritional Resource ................. . 85
4.3.2 Site of Sexual Reproduction ..................... . 89
4.3.3 Site of Interspecific and Intraspecific Interactions ... . 91
4.3.4 Reservoir ..................................... . 92
4.3.5 Long Distance Dispersal ........................ . 93
4.4 Conclusions ................................... . 93
References ............................................ . 96
Contents IX
5 Anamorph-Teleomorph Relationships
John Webster (With 10 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99
5.2 Techniques ..................................... 100
5.3 Nomenclature .................................. 102
5.4 Synanamorphs .................................. 102
5.5 Entomophthorales with Branched Conidia .......... 103
5.6 Ascomycete Teleomorphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 105
5.7 Basidiomycete Teleomorphs ...................... 110
5.8 Discussion ..................................... 114
References ............................................. 115
6 Interactions with Invertebrates
Keller Suberkropp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 118
6.1 Introduction ................................... . 118
6.2 Effects of Fungi on Shredders .................... . 120
6.2.1 Shredder Preferences ........................... . 120
6.2.2 Shredder Nutrition ............................. . 123
6.2.2.1 Growth and Survivorship ........................ . 123
6.2.2.2 Digestive Adaptations .......................... . 125
6.2.2.3 Contribution of Fungi to Shredder Nutrition ....... . 126
6.3 Effects of Shredders on Fungi .................... . 129
6.4 Conclusions ................................... . 130
References ............................................ . 131
7 Attachment and Germination of Conidia
S.J. Read, S. T. Moss, and E.B.G. Jones (With 5 Figures) ..... 135
7.1 Introduction ................................... . 135
7.2 Conidial Attachment ........................... . 136
7.3 Germination ................................... . 136
7.4 Mucilage Secretion ............................. . 140
7.5 Appressorium Formation ........................ . 144
7.6 Influence of Attachment Structures on the Strength
of Adhesion ................................... . 145
7.6.1 Tetraradiate Conidia ............................ . 147
7.6.2 Sigmoid Conidia ............................... . 147
7.6.3 Ovoid Conidia ................................. . 148
7.7 Conclusions ................................... . 148
References ............................................ . 149
x Contents
8 Water Chemistry
Anne-Carole Chamier (With 5 Figures) ..................... 152
8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 152
8.2 Field Studies - Species Diversity and pH ........... 152
8.3 Alkalinity and pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153
8.3.1 Studies in Acidic Streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153
8.3.2 Chemical Characteristics of Acid Waters ........... 157
8.3.3 Elevated Aluminum (Ali) Levels in Acidic Streams
and Reduced Microbial Metabolism on Litter . . . . . .. 158
8.3.4 Studies in Circumneutral and Alkaline Streams ...... 162
8.3.5 Laboratory Studies of pH Tolerances .............. 163
8.3.6 Laboratory Studies of pH and Activity
of Cell-Wall Degrading Enzymes .................. 165
8.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 167
8.5 Species Composition and Water Chemistry ......... 169
8.6 Further Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 169
References ............... ;............................. 170
9 Human Interference
Felix Barlocher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173
9.1 Introduction .................................... 173
9.2 Organic Pollution ............................... 174
9.3 Heavy Metals ................................... 175
9.4 Pesticides .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 177
9.5 Acid Precipitation ............................... 178
References ............................................. 179
10 Research on the Indian Subcontinent
K.R. Sridhar, K.R. Chandrashekar, and K.M. Kaveriappa
(With 1 Figure). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 182
10.1 Introduction ................................... . 182
10.2 Distribution ................................... . 185
10.3 Regional Differences ........................... . 185
10.4 Substrata ...................................... . 200
10.5 Survival Outside Streams ........................ . 203
10.6 Other Studies .................................. . 204
10.7 Conclusions ................................... . 205
References ............................................ . 207