The Ecology Book

354 Pages·2019·7.47 MB·English

by  Tony Juniper

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GENES ARE SOLAR ENERGY IS BOTH
WITHOUT LIMIT AND
SELFISH
WITHOUT COST
MOLECULES
E THE TIME HAS
PLANTS LIVE
COME FOR SCIENCE
C ON A DIFFERENT
TO BUSY ITSELF WITH
TIMESCALE THE EARTH ITSELF
O THE
FOOD IS THE
BURNING
L ECOLOGY QUESTION
O
ALL BODILY
ACTIVITY DEPENDS
G BOOK
ON TEMPERATURE
Y BIG IDEAS SIMPLY EXPLAINED
THINK GLOBALLY,
ACT LOCALLY
WE ARE
LIVING
ON THIS
PLANET AS
THOUGH
WE ARE PLAYING DICE WE HAD
ANOTHER
WITH THE NATURAL
IF YOU DO NOT KNOW THE NAMES OF ONE TO GO
ENVIRONMENT
THINGS, THE KNOWLEDGE OF THEM TO
IS LOST
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РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS
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FOREWORD BY
TONY JUNIPER
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DK US/LONDON ASSISTANT ART EDITORS Fiona Plowman, Dorothy Stannard,
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Foreword © 2019 Tony Juniper
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CONTRIBUTORS
JULIA SCHROEDER, CONSULTANT DEREK HARVEY
Julia Schroeder received her Ph.D. in Animal Ecology from the A naturalist and teacher with a particular interest in evolutionary
University of Groningen in the Netherlands. From 2012 to 2017, biology, Derek Harvey graduated in Zoology from Liverpool University
she headed a research group at the Max Planck Institute for in the UK. He has taught a generation of biologists and led student
Ornithology in Germany, studying social behavioral ecology. Julia expeditions to Costa Rica, Madagascar, and Australasia. Derek now
currently researches and teaches evolutionary biology at Imperial concentrates on writing and consulting for science and natural
College London. history books.
CELIA COYNE TOM JACKSON
Celia Coyne is a freelance writer and editor living in Christchurch, A writer for 25 years, Tom Jackson is the author of about 200 nonfiction
New Zealand. She is the author of Earth’s Riches and The Power of books for adults and children and has contributed to many more. Tom
Plants and writes and edits articles on science and natural history studied zoology at Bristol University, UK, and worked in zoos and as a
for magazines, newspapers, journals, websites, and books in the UK, conservationist before turning to writing about natural history and all
Australia, and New Zealand. Her aim is to make scientific subjects things scientific.
accessible to lay readers.
ALISON SINGER
JOHN FARNDON
Alison Singer is a Ph.D. candidate in Community Sustainability at
The author of hundreds of books on science and nature for both Michigan State University, US, where she studies storytelling and
children and adults, John Farndon studied geography at Cambridge science communication. She has a broad educational background in
University. He has written extensively on earth sciences and the writing, ecology, and the social sciences. Alison has worked as an
environment, focusing in particular on conservation and ecology. educator for environmental charities, and for the US Environmental
His books include The Oceans Atlas, The Wildlife Atlas, How the Earth Protection Agency.
Works, and The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks and Minerals.
TIM HARRIS
After studying Norwegian glaciers in college, Tim Harris traveled the
world in search of unusual wildlife and extraordinary landscapes. He
has explored the dunes of the Namib Desert, climbed Popocatépetl in
central Mexico, camped in the Sumatran rain forest, and searched
the frozen Sea of Okhotsk in Russia. He is a former Deputy Editor of
Birdwatch magazine in the UK and has written books about nature for
adults and children.
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CONTENTS
12 INTRODUCTION 34 We’ve discovered
the secret of life
The role of DNA
THE STORY
OF EVOLUTION 38 Genes are selfish
molecules
The selfish gene
20 Time is insignificant
and never a difficulty
for nature ECOLOGICAL
Early theories of evolution
PROCESSES
22 A world previous to ours,
destroyed by catastrophe 66 The fitness of a foraging
Extinction and change 44 Lessons from animal depends on
mathematical theory its efficiency
23 No vestige of a beginning on the struggle Optimal foraging theory
—no prospect of an end for life
Uniformitarianism Predator–prey equations 68 Parasites and pathogens
control populations
24 The struggle for existence 50 Existence is determined like predators
Evolution by natural selection by a slender thread Ecological epidemiology
of circumstances
32 Human beings are Ecological niches 72 Why don’t penguins’
ultimately nothing feet freeze?
but carriers for genes 52 Complete competitors Ecophysiology
The rules of heredity cannot coexist
Competitive exclusion 74 All life is chemical
principle Ecological stoichiometry
54 Poor field experiments 76 Fear itself is powerful
can be worse than Nonconsumptive effects
useless of predators on their prey
Field experiments
56 More nectar means ORDERING THE
more ants and more
NATURAL WORLD
ants mean more nectar
Mutualisms
60 Whelks are like 82 In all things of nature
little wolves in there is something of
slow motion the marvelous
Keystone species Classification of living things
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84 By the help of 138 Life is supported by a vast
microscopes nothing network of processes
escapes our inquiry Energy flow through
The microbiological ecosystems
environment
140 The world is green
86 If you do not know Trophic cascades
the names of things, the
knowledge of them is lost 144 Islands are ecological
A system for identifying all systems
nature’s organisms Island biogeography
88 “Reproductively isolated” 150 It is the constancy of
are the key words numbers that matters
Biological species concept 114 Birds lay the number Ecological resilience
of eggs that produce
90 Organisms clearly the optimum number 152 Populations are subjected
cluster into several of offspring to unpredictable forces
primary kingdoms Clutch control The neutral theory of
A modern view of diversity biodiversity
116 The bond with a true dog
92 Save the biosphere and is as lasting as the ties of 153 Only a community
you may save the world this earth can ever be of researchers has a
Human activity Animal behavior chance of revealing
and biodiversity the complex whole
118 Redefine “tool”, redefine Big ecology
96 We are in the opening “man”, or accept
phase of a mass chimpanzees as humans 154 The best strategy
extinction Using animal models to depends on what
Biodiversity hotspots understand human behavior others are doing
Evolutionarily stable state
126 All bodily activity
THE VARIETY depends on temperature
Thermoregulation in insects
OF LIFE
ECOSYSTEMS
102 It is the microbes that
will have the last word
Microbiology 132 Every distinct part of
nature’s works is
104 Certain tree species necessary for the
have a symbiosis support of the rest
with fungi The food chain
The ubiquity of mycorrhizae
134 All organisms are
106 Food is the potential sources of food
burning question for other organisms
Animal ecology The ecosystem
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156 Species maintain the 170 I have great faith
functioning and stability in a seed
of ecosystems Ecological succession
Biodiversity and ecosystem
function 172 The community
arises, grows,
matures, and dies
ORGANISMS IN Climax community
A CHANGING
174 An association
is not an organism
ENVIRONMENT
but a coincidence
Open community theory
162 The philosophical study THE LIVING EARTH
of nature connects the 176 A group of species
present with the past that exploit their
The distribution of species environment in 198 The glacier was God’s
over space and time a similar way great plow
The ecological guild Ancient ice ages
164 The virtual increase of the
population is limited by 178 The citizen 200 There is nothing
the fertility of the country network depends on the map to mark
The Verhulst equation on volunteers the boundary line
Citizen science Biogeography
166 The first requisite is
a thorough knowledge 184 Population dynamics 202 Global warming isn’t a
of the natural order become chaotic prediction. It is happening
Organisms and their when the rate of Global warming
environment reproduction soars
Chaotic population change 204 Living matter is the most
167 Plants live on a different powerful geological force
timescale 185 To visualize the big The biosphere
The foundations of picture, take a
plant ecology distant view 206 The system of nature
Macroecology Biomes
168 The causes of differences
among plants 186 A population 210 We take nature’s services
Climate and vegetation of populations for granted because we
Metapopulations don’t pay for them
A holistic view of Earth
188 Organisms change
and construct the 212 Plate tectonics is not all
world in which havoc and destruction
they live Moving continents
Niche construction and evolution
190 Local communities that 214 Life changes Earth
exchange colonists to its own purposes
Metacommunities The Gaia hypothesis
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