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The Eastern Arctic Seas Encyclopedia PDF

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Encyclopedia of Seas Igor S. Zonn Andrey G. Kostianoy Aleksandr V. Semenov The Eastern Arctic Seas Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Seas This Encyclopedia of Seas series is designed to accumulate and systematize ourknowledgeabouttheuniquenaturalwaterareas–theAral,Caspian,Black, Arctic,Far-Eastern,andBalticseas–theirwealth,theeventsthattookplaceon its waters and shores, and the remarkable people whose lives were and are closelyintertwinedwiththeseas.TheEncyclopediaseriescontainsthousands of terms and concepts related to the seas. It describes geographical features: rivers, lakes, straits, and bays; provides information about towns, seaports, transport communications, basic aquatic biological species, nature reserves, nationalandinternationalprogramsforthestudyofthesea,researchinstitutes, historical monuments, activities of prominent explorers and travelers, researchers, and scientists. Each Encyclopedia includes a chronology of majorhistoricaleventsconnectedwiththeseseasforseveralcenturies. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/14357 (cid:129) Igor S. Zonn Andrey G. Kostianoy Aleksandr V. Semenov The Eastern Arctic Seas Encyclopedia With 200 Figures IgorS.Zonn AndreyG.Kostianoy EngineeringResearchProduction P.P.ShirshovInstituteofOceanology CenterForWaterManagement RussianAcademyofSciences LandReclamationandEcology Moscow,Russia Moscow,Russia AleksandrV.Semenov S.Yu.WitteMoscowUniversity Moscow,Russia ISBN978-3-319-24236-1 ISBN978-3-319-24237-8 (eBook) ISBN978-3-319-24238-5(printandelectronicbundle) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-24237-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016953630 #SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Acknowledgment WewouldliketothanktheeditorsatSpringer-Verlagfortheirtimelyinterestin theArcticseasandtheirsupportofthepresentpublication.Wewouldliketo thankSpringer-VerlagforthesteadyinteresttowardtheArcticOcean,which resultedinasignificantlistofbookpublications(inchronologicalordersince 2010only): Ferguson SH, Loseto LL, Mallory ML, editors. A little less Arctic. Top predatorsintheworld’slargestNorthernInlandSea,HudsonBay.2010. JohannessenOM,VolkovVA,PetterssonLH,DrangeH,GaoY,MaderichVS, NeelovIA,NielsenSP,BobylevLP,StepanovAV,ZheleznyakMJ,Tishkov V.RadioactivityandpollutionintheNordicseasandArctic.Obs.Model. Simul.2010. Hovelsrud GK, Smit B, editors. Community adaptation and vulnerability in Arcticregions.2010. Barr S, Lüdecke C, editors. The history of the International Polar Years (IPYs).2010. Gutman G, Reissell A, editors. Eurasian Arctic land cover and land use in a changingclimate.2011. Wasum-Rainer S, Winkelmann I, Tiroch K, editors. Arctic science, interna- tionallawandclimatechange.LegalaspectsofmarinescienceintheArctic Ocean.2012. Marchenko N. Russian Arctic seas. Navigational conditions and accidents.2012. LemkeP,JacobiH-W,editors.Arcticclimatechange.TheACSYSdecadeand beyond.2012. Østreng W, Eger KM, Fløistad B, Jørgensen-Dahl A, Lothe L, Mejlaender- Larsen M, Wergeland T. Shipping in Arctic waters. A comparison of the northeast,northwestandtranspolarpassages.2013. BerkmanPA,VylegzhaninAN,editors.EnvironmentalsecurityintheArctic Ocean.2013. Max MD, Johnson AH, Dillon WP. Natural gas hydrate – Arctic Ocean deepwaterresourcepotential.2013. Rösel A. Detection of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice with optical satellite data.2013. v vi Acknowledgment Weiss J. Drift, deformation, and fracture of sea ice. A perspective across scales.2013. MüllerDK,LundmarkL,LemelinRH,editors.Newissuesinpolartourism. Commun.Environ.Polit.2013. Tedsen E, Cavalieri S, Kraemer RA, editors. Arctic marine governance. Opportunitiesfortransatlanticcooperation.2014. Grebmeier JM, Maslowski W, editors. The Pacific Arctic region. Ecosystem statusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironment.2014. Weidemann L. International governance of the Arctic marine environment. Withparticularemphasisonhighseasfisheries.2014. EvengårdB,NymandLarsenJ,PaascheØ,editors.ThenewArctic.2015. KronerU.ThegeologyoftheArctic.2015. Keupp MM, editor. The northern sea route. A military and business analysis.2015. KallenbornR,editor.Long-rangetransportofman-madeContaminationinto theArcticandAntarctica.2016. WeareverygratefultoAcademicianGennadiyG.Matishov,theChairof theSouthernScientificCenteroftheRussianAcademyofSciences,Director of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute RAS, and to Sergey L. Dzhenyuk, Senior scientist at the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, fortheirreviewofthepartofthemanuscriptrelatedtotheEastSiberianSea, valuablecomments,andcarefulediting,whichmadethetextmorecomplete andaccurate. We express special thanks to Elena V. Kostyanaya (Oceanological Scientific-Coordination Centre at P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS)forthetimeshelavishlyspentonthesearchandselectionofmaterials for various articles of the Encyclopedia, as well as to Dr. Sergey M.Shapovalov,theHeadoftheOceanologicalCenterandVice-Presidentof SCOR,forsupportingoureffortstocreateencyclopediasoftheRussianseas. Invaluableassistance inthepreparation oftheEncyclopedia was doneby TatyanaI.Abakumova,whoseendlesspatienceandprofessionalismallowed tobringthisworktocompletion. Theauthorswouldliketoofferaspecialthankstothe“IntegratedTraining Centre”fortranslatingtheEncyclopediaintotheEnglishlanguageandensur- ingaccuracyandtop-notchqualityoftheofferedtranslation.Specifically,we aregratefultoHelenPanovich,thecompany’sdirector;toSergeyChelnokov, ProjectManagerandChiefTranslatorandEditor;andtothetranslators:Irina Champuridze, Dmitry Glushenko, Gennady Golovin, Polina Ivkova, Polina Kiseleva, Yulia Kurganova, Daria Raskova, Ekaterina Tatarenko, and Daria Turkina.Withoutyourcontributionsandtediouswork,thepublicationofthe Encyclopediawouldnothavebeenpossible. Acknowledgment vii TheauthorsexpresstheirdeepgratitudetotheleadershipoftheS.Yu.Witte MoscowUniversity,charitablefoundation“CREATIONXXICentury”andto Nikolai G. Malyshev, the Chairman of its Board of Trustees, for financial supportoftranslationandpreparationofthemanuscript. Theworkon“TheEasternArcticSeasEncyclopedia”wassupportedbythe RussianScienceFoundationundertheprojectN14-50-00095. Moscow,Russia Prof.IgorS.Zonn 9May2015 Prof.AndreyG.Kostianoy Prof.AleksandrV.Semenov Introduction “TheEasternArcticSeasEncyclopedia”isthefourthoneinthenewseriesof encyclopedias about the seas of the former Soviet Union published by Springer-Verlag.Thefirstvolume“TheAralSeaEncyclopedia”waspublished by Springer in 2009, “The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia” in 2010, and “The Black Sea Encyclopedia” in 2015. We have to note that in 2004–2015, in Russianeditionwepublished13volumesoftheencyclopediasforeveryseaof the former Soviet Union. Springer publishes the updated and upgraded ver- sionsofthesebooksinEnglishbycompilingseveralseasinonevolumeforthe present “The Eastern Arctic Seas Encyclopedia” for the Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, and Chukchi Sea, and for the next volumes to be published in 2015–2016: “The Western Arctic Seas Encyclopedia” for the Barents Sea, WhiteSea,andKaraSea;“TheFarEasternSeasEncyclopedia”fortheSeaof Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, and Bering Sea. The last book “The Baltic Sea Encyclopedia”willappearasaseparatevolumeinthisbookseries. The Eastern Arctic seas of the Arctic Ocean include the Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi seas. These are transit marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean, located on the Northern Sea Route. In the west, these seas border with theWestern seas oftheRussianArctic and,inparticular,with theKara Sea.Intheeast,wheretheChukchiSeaisconnectedtotheBeringSeathrough theBeringStrait,thereisastateborderbetweenRussiaandtheUnitedStates. IntheEasternArcticseas,thereareanumberoflargeislands–NewSiberian Islands, Anjou Islands, Lyakhovskiy Islands, Medvezhii Islands, Wrangel Island,AyonIsland,GeraldIsland,etc.Severalriversruntotheseas,among them one of the largest Siberian rivers – the Lena, as well as Khatanga, Olenyok,Yana,Anabar,Indigirka,Kolyma,andAlazeyarivers. ix x Introduction TheEasternArcticseas(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/East_Siberian_Sea_map.png) TheseseasareoneofthemostsevereandcoldestArcticseasduetotheir high-latitudelocationandthepresenceofpolaricecaps,whichcovertheseas fromOctobertoMay–June.Shoresarestronglyindented,andalthoughthere are bays they are shallow and there is a lack of sheltered anchorage areas. Theirmainpurposeistransit.TheonlysignificantportsareTiksi,Pevek,and low-density port Ambarchik. Severe nature, sparse population, and remote- ness from the central regions of Russia significantly limit the ability of the economicuseoftheseseas. ExplorationoftheshoresoftheEasternArcticseasstartedintheseventeenth century, when the Russian Arctic navigators and explorers went on the koch boats along the coasts between the rivers Lena and Kolyma, in other words, whenRussiansadvancedalongtheGreatNorthernSeaRoutetoEasternSiberia. In 1633, Tobolsk Cossacks Ivan Rebrov and Ilya Perfiliev discovered the Olenyok River mouth, and in 5 years they also discovered Yana Bay. Ivan RebrovwasthefirstwhopassedDmitryLaptevStrait.In1642,CossackMikhail Stadukhinwithagroupofservitorsandindustrialpeopleonkochboatsreached theAlazeyaRiver,andinthenextyearthemouthoftheKolymaRiver.Thereis nodoubtthatRussianCossacksandexplorersfirstsawtheislandslyingalong the coasts of the East Siberian Sea. In 1646, the pioneer of the East Siberian Sea, Pomor Isay Ignatiev, on his koch boat for the first time in history of Russian navigation moved from the mouth of the Kolyma River to the east andexploredabout300kmoftheNorthAsiancoastandAyonIsland.In1648, twoRussiansailorsSemenDezhnevandFedotPopovfirstroundedtheextreme north-eastern point of Asia and proved the existence of the passage from the ChukchiSeatotheBeringSea,orfromtheArcticOceantothePacificOcean.

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This Encyclopedia is designed to accumulate and systematize our knowledge about the unique natural water areas - the Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi seas, their wealth, the events that took place on its waters and shores, and the remarkable people whose lives were and are closely intertwined with
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