The Earth’s Electrical Environment PDF
Preview The Earth’s Electrical Environment
ee us i s are trd. Plea ke eaert ge bry ins Studies in Geophysics Paall s. ent ed esetting filbeen acci The Earth's Electrical Environment al typhave ginay orim he ors m terr Geophysics Study Committee ot frophic Geophysics Research Forum na er book, me typogr Commission on PhNysaitcioanl aSlc Rieensceeasr,c Mh Catohuenmcailtics, and Resources p ao ps original ed, and he ain m tret oe ated frnnot b ea es crer, c L filwev Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri NWaatisohninagl tAonca, dDe.mCy. P19re8s6s ee us ii s are trd. Plea eakerte NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418 ge bry ins NbeOrsT aIrCeE d:r Tawhen pfrroomjec tth teh aCto ius nthciel ss uobf jtehcet Nofa ttihoins arle pAocrat dweamsy a popf rSocvieedn cbeys ,t hthee G Noavteiornnianlg A Bcoadaredm oyf othf eE Nngaitnioenerailn Rg,e asenadr cthhe C Ionustnitcuilt,e wohf oMsee dmiceimne-. Paall The members of the committee responsible for this report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. s. ent This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee con- ed esetting filbeen acci seaincscctoien rTagdnh aodenf c tNmee caewhtminiotbonhel aogrlsg eR ynoe efwsr teaihalt ehrp c Nothhla ieCct iiAooeunscn aadclde ieAtlme cwraymad'ssie n pemesudytra pboboyflsi sStehhscee io edAfn bcfcyuea rsdtt,heh tmeeh reNyi n Naugtnai kodtinneooarn lwta hAll eeAc daacgudaetedh maeonmyrdi tyo yo f of oS faf c Ediitvensing scciionnenesg eg itrnrhie ne1sg s9f,ie1 oad6nne adtrola t clha hgseaso Irovntceesirrta niottmeuf tte1ehn8 eot6 .fb 3 TMr, ohwaeeddh C iicccooihunm nees.cmtialu bonlpiitseyhr eaostfe tsshc iein- ginal typay have ANtAhccaeaat isddoceenimmeanlyy tAi foaicsfca Eada nenpmgdrii vynean eotegefri ,inS nnecgoei nerainpnncrdgoe fstchi otae,mn sIdmen lstfuht-inegtiu oNttiveeae stor.in foI intMn aigsle dmaAdiccemaimndiebne eimwsrtsyeehr roieep fde cEsjootnarigbnpiltonilrsyeah etberiyiodn n big.no Ti t1nhh9 teA6h 4Cec aoacdnuoednnm cd1iuil9e c7hst 0aaos,nf r bdteeh stcehpoieerm c Istneeivs rtvtehiliteycu e,tp esur inotnodfc etMihpr eaet hldg eoioc pcvienherearan.rt tmTienrheg eon a ftN,g ttehahnteeic o Nypn uaaotblfilo ibnco,a tlahn tdhe he oriors m AcadTemhey G oef oSpchieynsiccess .Study Committee is pleased to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation (Grant EAR-8216205), the m terr Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric ot frophic Acodnmduincits otrfa ttihoins ,s tthued yU..S. Geological Survey (Grant 14-08-001-G1111), and the Department of Energy (Grant DE-FGO2-82ER12018) for the na Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data er book, me typogr The Earth's(B eSaltesucedtdir eiocsna il np e agnpeveoirrpsoh npymrseiescensnt).ted at the American Geophysical Union meetings in June 1983, Baltimore, MD. p Includes bibliographies and index. ao ps 1. Atmospheric electricity—Environmental aspects— Congresses. 2. Man—Influence of environment— Congresses. I. National original ed, and QC960.5.E2R7e s1e9a8rc6h 5 C51o.u5n'6c i8l 6(U-8.7S8.)2. Geophysics Study Committee. II. American Geophysical Union. III. Series. he ain ISBN 0-309-03680-1 m tret Printed in the United States of America oe ated frnnot b ea es crer, c L filwev XMho The National Academy Press was created by the National Academy of Sciences to publish the reports issued by the Academy and by the m g, National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council, all operating under the charter granted to ed fromattin the National Academy of Sciences by the Congress of the United States. en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us iii s are trd. Plea ke eaert ge bry ins PANEL ON THE EARTH'S ELECTRICAL ENVIRONMENT Paall s. ent E. PHILIP KRIDER, University of Arizona, Co-chairman ed esetting filbeen acci RRKWA.E IVLNY.LNM AIEAONTMNDH DEL VR .G .CS .KO HR.N AOB,MBE NLAEEaRIvD,D a ENl, SR aU,te i nsGoeinveaaeorlcrr sCghii teLayn a Itobnefosr tIrfilaotlutiront eAroy iotsmf a Tot seUpchrhbenaroinclao R-gCyehseaamrpcha,i g Cno-chairman original typmay have AGWIROOTLVHFAUGNRAN NAI G.P F .G EGRWRIE,N JGGROE., RL R,I , i Uc Iesn tUiivtuneitrvosie tdräist i FtTyiüsibcian gdeenll'Atmosfera, Rome he ors DAVID J. HOFMANN, University of Wyoming m terr WILLIAM A. HOPPEL, Naval Research Laboratory ot frophic EPADUWLIN R .K KERSESLHEBRIE, L N, O NAeAw SMeevxeirceo S Itnosrtmitsu tLe aobfo Mraitnoirnyg and Technology na er book, me typogr LZHOEAVUR IRLSYE JV .T LI.N AO,N C TZHeESl RA, O vIliTlviTn UoI,in s iA vSeTtar&steiTt yW Baetlel rL Saubrovreaytories apo RICHARD E. ORVILLE, State University of New York at Albany original ped, and s GAJAREMOTHERSUG MRE C.D R.. RORESICIEDHN,M , N UOOnNAiDvAe, r sANiteayrt oioonfn oWaml yCyo eLmnatibenorg rfaotro Arytmospheric Research he ain W. DAVID RUST, NOAA Severe Storms Laboratory m tret ISRAEL TZUR, National Center for Atmospheric Research ated fronnot be MJOAHRNT CIN. WA.I LULMEATTN,, NUanvivale rRseitsye aorfc Fhl oLraibdoaratory ea es crer, c Staff L filwev Mo THOMAS M. USSELMAN Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us iv s are trd. Plea ke eaert ge bry ins GEOPHYSICS STUDY COMMITTEE Paall s. ent ARTHUR E. MAXWELL, The University of Texas at Austin, Chairman ed esetting filbeen acci †††* CARDOIL. CLJLAHIENMAN BRE FUDS. L ABALGA., ANK MNEEeWRTrH,c , e EJGro SeIis,no l tlaN oOngadcit,cie oaWanln aaColsg ohCrniaenspnughtltetioacrnn Iftno, sr tCAitoutrmtviooanlslpsi,sh ,Ie nOrcicr.e Rgoensearch original typmay have GD*NOEIVRCRDHIOOEN LS A.P IS.N ECTA.R TMIOLANIGT,A A TLTeAOxSaRs,, A UC&.aSMr.m G Ueeln oRilvoeegsreiscaiartlcy hS uCrevnetye,r Reston he ors J. MURRAY MITCHELL, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration m terr *V. RAMA MURTHY, University of Minnesota ot frophic †† RMIACRHTAIRND W JA. OL'TC,O LNoNcEkhLeLe,d HMairsvsailreds Uanndiv Seprsaictye Company, Inc. na per book, me typogr FLEiaRisRoInS RWeEprBeSsTenEtRat, i vUensiversity of Delaware ao ps original ed, and RBGAREOULPRCHGE EAB L.A HE. AWKNOINSLHES,TA ADWDe,f ,e U nDs.Seep .A aGrdetvmoalenoncgtei codaf Rl E Sensueerravgreycyh, PRreosjteocnts Agency he ain MICHAEL MAYHEW, National Science Foundation m tret NED OSTENSO, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration oe ated frnnot b SHELBY TILFORD, National Aeronautics and Space Administration ea es crer, c Staff L filwev THOMAS M. USSELMAN Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri †* TTeerrmmss ebnedgeadn JJuunlye 13,0 1, 918958.5. ee us v s are trd. Plea ke eaert ge bry ins GEOPHYSICS RESEARCH FORUM Paall s. ent DON L. ANDERSON, California Institute of Technology, Chairman ed esetting filbeen acci SJTCOTHHHAOANNMR LLJA.EE SBYS OM ILL.. . A ADDUNOREDANR,KA B TEHAh,U eC D EJHo,a ,r h Ut nOmnsao iHvkue otRhrps ikCidtigyone lsol eNfUg Manetiiivocenhraisgli atLynaboratory original typmay have PWJOE.HT GENAR DR S.Y .H EEAARUGNNLS,ET SE, O vUeNnrg,i vr eMeersnais,t syCa oochflo uCrsaaedltiotfso Irnnsiati,t uLtoes o Af nTgeeclhensology he ors WILLIAM W. HAY, University of Colorado m terr CHARLES L. HOSLER, The Pennsylvania State University ot frophic DKEEVITRHI EA S. .K IVNETNRVILOIGLADTEONR, ,U C.Sa. rGmeeol lRogesiceaalr cShu rCveenyt,e Mr enlo Park na er book, me typogr CCA.HR GATOHRRULDEROS E NJ.. MLMIAATXTNWLKEIE,N L ,NL aO, t ikTolhnaeha loU mOncaive Gearnesioictl yoa gnoidfc aTAle tSxmuaorsvs apethy Aeruicst Aindministration apo FRANK B. McDONALD, National Aeronautics and Space Administration original ped, and s WJEAUACGLKET NEE.ER O NHL..I PVMAEURRNK, K EC,R o ,rU n Tneilhvle eU rUsninitvyive oersrfis tCiytayl ioffo rCnhiaic, aSgaon Diego he ain FRANK L. PARKER, Vanderbilt University m tret HOWARD J. PINCUS, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee eated froannot be PRRAIOCUGHLEA RWR RD. .P HROE.M RVEAERPLOPLY,E ,T, hRUeon Onivdheoirous tiS tAyta sotsefo UCcianalitivefeso,rr snIinitacy,. San Diego L files crwever, c VFGEEURRNRNTIEESRR W EEE.. BSWSUETOLEMLREI, , R U U, n nUiivvneeirvrsseiitrtysy io toyff D oWfe Aliaslcwaosankrseain—Madison Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us vi s are trd. Plea eakerte Ex Officio ge bry ins JOHN D. BOSSLER, National Geodetic Survey Paall ROBERT K. CRANE, Dartmouth College s. ent FRANK D. DRAKE, University of California, Santa Cruz ed esetting filbeen acci RStOafBfERT HOFSTADTER, Stanford University al typhave PEMBROKE J. HART ginay orim he ors m terr ot frophic na er book, me typogr p ao ps original ed, and he ain m tret oe ated frnnot b ea es crer, c L filwev Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us vii s are trd. Plea ke eaert ge bry ins COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND RESOURCES Paall s. ent HERBERT FRIEDMAN, National Research Council, Chairman ed esetting filbeen acci CTEBLHELKAROANRMENAAN RRSCD .D E BF. LR.B OB.A AUURLRTRL,K OE EHWN,a , r, M v CSaaratsdalsin afMdocarhenruddisia ceO aIttnilsl s S CtIcintohusmottieotp uloatfne yTo,ef O cThhenicooh l(noRogelyotigryed) original typmay have GCMHEILOADRRRGLEEEDS F SL. .C. DDARRREARSKISEEER,L , DH HaAartrUmvSaor,u d tM hU aCnsiosvalelcerhsgiuetsyetts Institute of Technology he ors JOSEPH L. FISHER, George Mason University m terr JAMES C. FLETCHER, University of Pittsburgh ot frophic WGEILRLHIAARMT A F.R FIOEDWLLAENRD, ECRal, i fBorrnoioak Ihnasvtietnu tNe aotfi oTneaclh Lnaobloograytory na er book, me typogr EMJ.D ARWORAYSSR L MD. G aDcO.D OGODON,L A DALBlDliEe, Rd U GSn,i gi vSneacrlrs iiCptypo sro pIfon Nrsatoittiruothtni oCna roofl Oincae, aCnhoagprealp Hhyill apo THOMAS F. MALONE, Saint Joseph College original ped, and s CPWEHIRLARLRIYLA ELMS. MDJ.. c MCPHAAINRLTKLYIINP, S ,S , Ot aMknlfaaolhlridon mcUkanr oiGvdeeto,r slIiontgyci.cal Survey he ain ROBERT E. SIEVERS, University of Colorado m tret JOHN D. SPENGLER, Harvard School of Public Health eated froannot be GIRRAEVOPIHRNAGGEE WL W LG.A .W DKEAATWSHPSEEKRRYI, L-EBLxEe, c RCuGtairEvneRe Dg, i ieIrB eIcnMtsot Cirt uotripoonr aotfi oWnashington es crer, c LAWRENCE E. McCRAY, Associate Executive Director L filwev Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri ee us STUDIES IN GEOPHYSICS viii s are trd. Plea ke eaert ge bry ins STUDIES IN GEOPHYSICS* Paall s. ent ed esetting filbeen acci al typhave ENERGY AND CLIMATE ginay Roger R. Revelle, panel chairman, 1977, 158 pp. he oriors m CJaLmIMes ART. EW, aCllLisI,M pAanTeIlC c hCaHirAmNanG, E1,9 A77N, D13 W2 pApT.ER SUPPLY m terr ESTUARIES, GEOPHYSICS, AND THE ENVIRONMENT not froaphic TCHhaEr lUesP BP.E ORf fAicTeMr, OpaSnPeHl cEhRaEir mAaNnD, 1M97A7G, 1N2E7T pOpS.PHERE er book, me typogr FGHreEalnOmcPuisHt SEY.. S JLIoCahnAndsLsob nPe,Rr pgEa, nDpeaIlnC ceThl IacOihrNamiSramn,a 1n9, 7179,7 186, 92 1p5p .pp. p IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON GEOPHYSICS ao om the original pe retained, and s HCBMPSaC.OoI uCmNINlE lEeBaTNrrR.I kT ENBA I.BEaF LNruNI tCRreoTcw nEhBA,eSf AJiLlOelr,S .l TU,,pI pEJSaRaa CnOCcneTkeEFl OlEc S WchN.:h aOGAIaiCrliETirmSvNmEaeREarn,nT-, aR,1I n1CE9d97 S U8L9O1,Ne ,U1o D12nR1E1 CT8 Rp .Ep pSS p.MTi.lAvAeNNr,D ApIaGNnEGeMl FcEOoN-RcTh PaRirAmCenT I, C1A98L0 ,A 1P9P7L pIpC.ATIONS eated frannot b MSJoOyhLrnoA AnR .B EV. dFAdieyRr,I ipAnagBn, IepLla IcnTheYal i,cr hWmaaEirnAm, T1a9nH8, E21R,9 18, 02A6,N 1pD2p7 .C pLpI.MATE L files crwever, c CWLoIlMfgAanTgE H I.N B EerAgRerT aHn dH JIoShTnO CR.Y Crowell, panel co-chairmen, 1982, 197 pp. Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri * Published to date. ee us STUDIES IN GEOPHYSICS ix s are trd. Plea ge breaky inserte APPRFCOUhaANrlCDeHsA BM. EONffTicAeLr anRdE LS.E EAuRgeCnHe COroNn inE, SpTaUneAl RcoIE-cSh:a irTmHeEn , 1IM98P3O, 7R9T pApN.CE OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY Paall EXPLOSIVE VOLCANISM: INCEPTION, EVOLUTION, AND HAZARDS s. ent Francis R. Boyd, Jr., panel chairman, 1984, 176 pp. esetting filebeen accid ARGJooCRhbTOne IUrDVt N.EE BD. TrWWeEdaCAelhlTTaoOcEeeNRf,t , pI CCpaOaSnneNel Tlc hcAhaMairiImrNmaAann,T ,1I 1O998N864, ,2 16769 p ppp.. al typhave TEH. PEh iEliAp RKTrHid'eSr EanLdE RCaTyRmIConAdL G E. NRVobIRleO, pNaMneEl NcoT-chairmen, 1986, 263 pp. ginay orim he ors m terr ot frophic na er book, me typogr p ao ps original ed, and he ain m tret oe ated frnnot b ea es crer, c L filwev Mo Xh m g, ed fromattin en recomposg-specific forn. eno ation of the original work has bding styles, and other typesettiauthoritative version for attributi epresentaks, hean as the digital rord breblicatio e: This new e lengths, won of this pu PDF filnal; linnt versi About this to the origiuse the pri
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