The Early Modern Papacy: From The Council Of Trent To The French Revolution, 1564 1789

346 Pages·1999·16.114 MB·English

by  A.D. Wright

The Early Modern Papacy
LONGMAN HISTORY OF THE PAPACY
General Editor: A.D. Wright
This ambitious new series will cover the history of the Papacy from early
medieval times through to the present day in five substantial volumes. Each,
written by a leading scholar in the field, is designed to meet the needs of
students and general readers, as well as those of the specialist.
Already published is:
The Modern Papacy since 1789
Frank J. Coppa
The Early M odern Papacy
From the Council of Trent to the
French Revolution, 1564-1789
A.D. Wright
Routledge
Taylor & Francis Croup
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 2000 by Pearson Education Limited
Published 2013 by Routledge
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ISBN 13: 978-0-582-08747-7 (pbk)
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Set in 10/12pt Bembo by 35
Contents
General Editor’s Preface vii
Preface viii
Chronological Table ix
1 Introduction 1
An influential model 2
Papal office and Holy Office 11
An alternative view 13
Outside Italy 14
Further European contrasts 17
The non-Catholic world 19
Beyond Christian Europe 21
2 The Bishop of Rome 25
A Tridentine diocese 26
Conclaves 47
The popes’ background 52
Popes’ memorials 55
Pastoral tradition 59
3 Metropolitan initiative and provincial reaction 65
A provincial council 65
The college of cardinals 68
The Suburbicarian Sees 81
Benevento, Bologna and other dioceses 83
Avignon 86
Non-Romans 88
Popes and religious orders 91
4 Primatial leadership and Italian problems 102
An Italian primacy 104
The Roman Curia 111
v
The Early Modern Papacy
Cardinal Nephews 113
Milan 114
Italian conditions and foreign pressures 118
Galileo 127
External influence and Italian transformation 134
Papal resilience 137
5 Patriarchal authority in Western Europe and political obstacles 146
Rites and patriarchates 146
Bohemia 150
Utrecht 151
Conditions in the European states 153
A window of opportunity 171
France and Jansenism 172
The wider context 175
Long-term repercussions 185
6 The Supreme Pontiff 189
The Orthodox 189
Protestantism 191
Jewish communities 205
Islam 208
Overseas mission 212
7 ‘The Papal Prince’ 231
Papal sovereignty 232
Papal finance 234
Roman civic administration 245
The papal states: Bologna 258
Governing the papal states 263
8 Conclusion 271
The Tridentine papacy 271
A test-case: Pius V 272
Continued evolution 280
The image of papal Rome 284
The reality of papal authority 286
Further Reading 291
Select Bibliography 292
Glossary 310
Map 1: Italy in 1564 320-1
Map 2: Political divisions during the eighteenth century 322
Index 323
vi
General Editor’s Preface
As one millennium ends and another begins, according to the reckoning of
the Christian tradition, the papacy probably remains as prominent as ever in
the public mind, not only in Europe, East and West, but in the non-European
world too. A work on the history of the papacy which presents to readers in
English the most recent scholarship is thus timely. While shorter volumes,
organized on a biographical basis, certainly exist, there has been lacking hitherto
a more extended survey, covering the whole history of the papacy and origin­
ating in the English language. This series is thus intended to supply the defici­
ency. To achieve the greatest coherence of interpretation and argument which
might reasonably be expected, an initial decision was taken that each volume
should be written by a single scholar, expert in the period covered. Similarly,
to ensure the best possible clarity of analysis, it was decided that all the authors
should be scholars who naturally wrote in the English language, avoiding the
difficulties which can arise from the need for translation. The series will exam­
ine in five volumes, of unequal chronological coverage, the history of the papacy
from the earliest centuries of evidence for the bishopric of Rome to the close
and consequences of the Second Vatican Council in the twentieth century,
where the argument of the final volume concludes.
Preface
As the Introduction to this volume suggests, the period covered raises ques­
tions about the history of the papacy not only within the two and a quarter
centuries treated here but also more widely over the whole evolution of the
papal office. The dates chosen for this volume do not correspond precisely to
the end dates of pontificates. For the argument of this work concerns the
development of the papacy as affected by events of overwhelming influence,
the conclusion at the end of 1563 of the Council of Trent and the outbreak
of the French Revolution in 1789. In this volume it is argued that the impact
of the decrees of the Council was indeed major, as far as the exercise of papal
responsibilities was concerned. Yet the closure of the Council, while proving
to be the prelude to a long period, until the later nineteenth century, in which
no further General Council met, was for that very reason also the end of an
era for the papacy. The popes since the beginning of the fifteenth century had
had to fulfil their role alongside a sequence of such Councils, a sequence in
that sense terminated at Trent. Thus in a series which is the history of the
papacy, not of the Church as a whole, it seemed fruitful to approach the
Council of Trent from a fresh perspective, allowing the third volume to
review the whole period from the early fifteenth century to the Council of
Trent inclusive. Similarly, the impact of the French Revolution on the exer­
cise of papal office was obviously vast, and therefore its outbreak was clearly
of more importance than the subsequent death of the last pope of the eight­
eenth century, in whose pontificate the Revolution began. The epoch of papal
history considered here was thus bounded by major events, rather than by
biographical specifics. For reasons suggested in the Introduction, the volume
is also organized on an analytic, not a biographical or chronological basis.
Chronological Table
December 1563 Conclusion of the Council of Trent
1559-65 Pius IV (de’ Medici)
1566-72 Pius V (Ghislieri)
1572-85 Gregory XIII (Buoncompagni)
1585-90 Sixtus V (Peretti)
1590 Urban VII (Castagna)
1590-91 Gregory XIV (Sfondrati)
1591 Innocent IX (Facchinetti)
1592-1605 Clement VIII (Aldobrandini)
1605 Leo XI (de’ Medici)
1605-21 Paul V (Borghese)
1621-23 Gregory XV (Ludovisi)
1623-44 Urban VIII (Barberini)
1644-55 Innocent X (Pamfili)
1655-67 Alexander VII (Chigi)
1667-69 Clement IX (Rospigliosi)
1670-76 Clement X (Altieri)
1676-89 Innocent XI (Odescalchi)
1689-91 Alexander VIII (Ottoboni)
1691-1700 Innocent XII (Pignatelli)
1700-21 Clement XI (Albani)
1721-24 Innocent XIII (Conti)
1724-30 Benedict XIII (Orsini)
1730-40 Clement XII (Corsini)
1740-58 Benedict XIV (Lambertini)
1758-69 Clement XIII (Rezzonico)
1769-74 Clement XIV (Ganganelli)
1775-99 Pius VI (Braschi)
Summer 1789 Outbreak of the French Revolution