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The Dura Language: Grammar and Phylogeny PDF

474 Pages·2016·2.773 MB·
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The Dura Language Brill’s Tibetan Studies Library Edited by Henk Blezer Alex McKay Charles Ramble Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region Edited by George L. Van Driem volume 5/17 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/btsl The Dura Language Grammar and Phylogeny By Nicolas Schorer LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Dura boy. Courtesy of Jaibahādur Durā. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016028938 Want or need Open Access? Brill Open offers you the choice to make your research freely accessible online in exchange for a publication charge. Review your various options on brill.com/brill-open. Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1568-6183 isbn 978-90-04-32560-9 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32640-8 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Do mo thuismitheoirí Michael & Karin D’Arne, an cara a thugadh cluas agus mé in ísle brí ⸪ Contents Acknowledgments xi List of Figures and Tables xiii List of Abbreviations xvi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aims 1 1.2 Organisation 1 1.3 Approach 3 1.4 Data on Tibeto-Burman 3 1.5 Dura Sources 4 1.6 Epistemological Limitations 5 1.7 Fieldwork and Informants 5 1.8 A Note on the Transliteration and Spelling Conventions 7 2 The Dura and Their Language 9 2.1 The Dura People—Kingmakers on the Fringes 9 2.2 The Dura Language 24 2.3 Earlier Research on Dura 28 2.4 Dura Media Frenzy 32 2.5 Language Classification 33 3 A Typological Overview 47 3.1 Phonology 48 3.2 Morphology and Syntax 67 3.3 Summary 75 4 Towards a Phonology of Dura 77 4.1 Consonants 78 4.2 Vowels 85 4.3 Diphthongs 88 4.4 Phonological Processes 90 4.5 Phonotactics 93 5 Lexicon 101 5.1 Dura Sound Changes 101 5.2 Dura Swadesh List 125 5.3 Kinship Terms 134 viii contents 5.4 Foodstuffs 138 5.5 Animals 141 5.6 Basic Verbs 144 5.7 Numerals 146 5.8 Colour Terms 151 5.9 Household and Environment 151 5.10 Human Body Parts and Body Functions 153 5.11 Loanwords 155 6 Nouns 164 6.1 Pronouns 164 6.2 Noun Categories 170 6.3 Nominal Prefixes 173 6.4 Case Suffixes 174 6.5 Relator Nouns & Postpositions 188 6.6 Nominalisations 192 6.7 Simple Nouns 194 6.8 Compounding 195 6.9 Noun Reduplication 196 6.10 The Structure of the Noun Phrase 196 6.11 Unanalysable Nouns 197 7 Adjectives and Adjectivals 199 7.1 Common Adjectives 201 7.2 Adjectivals 202 8 Verbs 205 8.1 Verbal Prefixes 205 8.2 Verbal Suffixes 208 8.3 Copulas 235 8.4 Periphrastic Constructions 246 8.5 Modal Constructions 251 8.6 Periphrastic Causative 254 8.7 Complex Predicate Constructions 254 9 Adverbs 257 9.1 Adverbs of Time 257 9.2 Adverbs of Location 258 9.3 Adverbs of Manner 260 9.4 Epistemic Adverbs 261 contents ix 10 Minor Word Classes 262 10.1 Other Pronouns 262 10.2 Other Demonstratives 268 10.3 Quantifiers 272 10.4 Possible Remnants of Numeral Classifiers 275 10.5 Words with Pragmatic Function 275 11 Phylogenetic Evidence 285 11.1 Phonology 285 11.2 Lexicon 285 11.3 Morphology & Syntax 287 11.4 The Case of West Bodish 291 11.5 Proposed Genetic Affiliation of Dura 292 Appendix 297 Maps 297 Master List of Morphological Items 298 Dura Sentences 300 Etymological Reference Dictionary 325 References 440 Sources 440 Bibliography 440 Index 451

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