The Dorling Kindersley Science Encyclopedia

1998·275.62 MB·English

by  Dorling Kindersley

The ienEcnec ycpeldoia
estoinnes cienltifieca rning
·
A comprehenrseifveer ewnocrek
Pacy edi thu p-to-datien formatTiheoS nc, iEennccyec lopedia
the princiopflc ei enicnea l ivealn de xcitwianyg.
·xpla.IIlS
e ope ofu bjecc oe reidsi mmens-efr om atomtso
.fr om acidtsop eedometfreorms m,a rsupitaol s
2lle ._ forteh a2n m0a joern triceoes r k e subjects
ch e· olutiaonnde ner polymerasn dp ollution,
·e funhae r 1 ubentriinec lubdieo grapohfig erse at
-·en andi nYenttiomresc.h art.s detailing landmarikns
·e cean.d facrboxeo n ubjeco f eneracli entifiicn tetr e
erena re ofc ience
ore xampleen.o ieo n
d eec rrom ericp ectraurme f ound
e criono n unda ndL igh't·,h iplheo tyon thies
_
.an d di -tiona rel ocatienHd m LiviTnhgi ngs Work.
Richlilyul strataendd e asyt or ead
()yer25 00fu ll-colopuhro togradpehtsa,i alretdw oraknsdi, n formative
mapsa ndc harmtask eT heS ciEenncyccelop aende nitai crienfge rence
bookM.a nyo ft hep hotograhpahvsbe e ens pecicaolmlmyi ssioned
tod emonstrsactiee ntpirfiocc esosree xsp erimewnhtislt,eh e
cutawaaryt woerxkpsl -atihnei nnewro rkinogfas h osotf o bjects,
frohm umanc eltlosc atalcyotnivce rtferrosma, i cro nditioners
top apemri llTsh.e ssep ectaciulllaurs traartebi roonusg thot
lifbeya l ivealnydi nformatteixcvtoe m pilbeyad n i mpressive
teamof a uthoerdsi,t oarnsds, p eciacloinsstu ltfarnotmasw ide
rangoefs cientdiifsicci plines.
TheD arlKiinngd ersley
Encyclopedia
DORLINGK INDERSLEY
LondoNne wY orkS tuttgart
A DORLINKGI NDRESLEBYO OK
Senior SEudsiMatcnoK re evSeern iAorErtd itMoarr tFyono te
Editors
CaorliBneeai teHt,e lDeonw liLnignM,da ari tn,
MinPaa trLioau,iP srei tc,Jh aacrkdie Wilson
ArEtd itors
AlexaBnrdorwaWn a,y nHeo ldMearr,cJ uamse sR,e beJcohcnas ,
CaroOlrbee ,lT linRao bnisoSni,m Yoeno maDnosm,i Znwiecm mer
ManagEidnigt Soorp hMiiceth elMlan agAirnEtgd itMoirra nKdenan edy
PictRuersee aLrocrhAn ian gCearor,l iBnreo o,k neAenL yons,
CatherOi'noReu r,kC ehirstRiinset a
ProducLtouiioBsnae r rRauttCtho, b b
Editorcioanls ultants
HeathCeoru perB ScF,RA S,H on.D .L itt
NigeHle nbeBstS cM,S c,F RAS
Contributors
DavBiudr BnSiKeca ;r Deanv BiSePcsG CDEo;u gDali xBoSnPc h DD;av iGdl oBvSecPr h D;
JohGnr ibMbSiPcnh DM;a rGyr ibBbAiI;na H na irsrBoSnPc h MDB AR;o bKienr rFoRdA S;
PertL eaffretByS c PMGSCcPE e;et rR ilBeScyC .Bi PoGlC E;
CarSotltoeB t A FRBAaSr;bT aayrlaBo ScrK; e iWtihc ks
Educatiocnoanls ultants
DaviEdv aBnScsC, .B i,oM l. BIi.o l
KmiiH osouBmAe
Historoyfs cienccoen sultant
PactirFaia rBaS, Mc Sc
Naturahli stocroyn sultant
StePvaer BkSecr
Firpsutb lisihnGe rde aBtr itiani1 n9 93
byD orliKnign derLsilmeiyt ed
9H enrieStttraeC eotv,e Gnatr deLno,n doWnC 2E
8PS
Reprinttweiwdci et rhe vis1i9o9n4s
Repnretid1 9951,99 6( twice)
Reviseeddi ti1o97n9
10 95 37
4 6 8
CopyrigDhatr©l iKnign derLstldeL.yo, n don
1998
Thiesd itpiuobnl ishefdo Cro vent GBaorodkesn
Visuisot n t he World Wide Web at
htt/pw:w/w. dk.com
Alrli ghrte<>s erNvoep da.ro tf itpshu blicmaatyib oern e produscteodri,en adr etriseyvsmat,loe rt ransmbiyta tneymd e ans,
eleocntirpch,oo tcopyirnegc,o rdoiron htge,wr iswei,t hotuhpter ior peromfti hsceso ipoynr oiwgnhetr .
A CIPca talorgeuceof rodtr h ibso oiksa va ilafbrloetm h Ber itLiisbhr ary
ISB1N- 85466055--9
Coloruerp rodubcytC ioolno ursScianng,a pore
Pritneadn db ounidnI a tlbyy A .M ondadEodriit oVreer,o na
CONTENTS
42N itrogen
8-9 43P hosphorus 81
HOW TOUSE 44O xygen MATERIALS
45S ulphur
THISB OOK
46H alogens 82C hemlii dcnuastry
47H ydrogen 83 Waitnedru stry
48N obglaes es 84I roanns dt eel
86C opper
10
87A ulminium
TIMEC HARTS
88A lloys
10D iosvcreiMnagt ter 89S ulpihacuc rid
11D isvceorEinngegy r 90Ammonia
12D iscoveraindnS gp aEcaer th 91C heimstirnfya mr ing
13D sicoveLriivnTighn ign gs 92F ooidn dustry
94A lkianldiu stry
95S oaapnsdd e tergents
96C oal products
14-15 97G as products
HOW SCIENTISTS 49 98O iplr oducts
REACTIONS
10P0o lymers
WOR K
10D2y easn pdi mgenst
50K inetthieco ry
10C3o smetics
51B ehvaiooufgr a ses
10C4h esmtiirnmy e idcine
52C hemlir ceaactions
10A6d hesives
16
53D escirbirnega ctions
SAFETYC ODE 107 Fibres
54R everrseiabcltei ons
108 Paper
55R atoefrs e action 109 Ceramics
56C atalysts
11G0l ass
58C ompoundasn mdi xtures
11M1a tedreisailg n
60S olutions
11I2n sdturpioalll ution
61S eapratmiinxgt ures
62C hmeilca analysis
64O xidaatnirdoe ndt uicon
66R eaticvsietryi es
67E ltercolysis
68A cids
17
70A lkaalnbidsa ses
MATTER
72M easuarciindgi ty
73S alts
18S taotfme ast ter
74C hmeirsyot fa ir
20C hanogfse tsa te
75C hesmtiorfwy a ter
22P ropeorfmt aitetse r
76C hmeirsyot ft hbeo dy
24A tomic structure
78C hmeisotffr ooyd
26R adioactivity
80F eremntation
28B odning
30C rystals
113
31E lemse nt
FORCESA ND
32P eritoadbilce
34A lkmaeltia ls ENERGY
35A lkalinmeea-tlesa rth
36T rasnitmietoanl s 11F4o rces
38P oomret als 11C6o mbifnroicnegs
39S emimetals 117 Baflroacnecse d
40C arbon 118 Speed
41O rgacnehimcir syt 11A9cc elateiron
'
5
12F0o ersca nmdo iton 21V6ol canoes
12F1r iction 21M8o uanitbnu ilding
12G2r avity 22E0a rthquakes
12M3e asufrroiecnsg 22R1o caknsd emrianls
12T4u rnfironcge s 22I2ng eoruosc ks
12C5i rcmuolitaorn 22S3e diamreryno tcks
12V6i biroants 22M4e atmorprhoicck s
12P7r essure 22F5o ssils
12F8o creisnfl uids 177 22R6ec oridnt e hr ocks
12F9l oaatnisdni gn king SOUND AND 22I8c aen gdl aciers
13M0a chines 23W0e atehriannged r ioosn
LIGHT
13W2o rka nEdn geyr 23S2o ils
13E4n geyrs ources 23Ri3v ers
17S8o und
13N6u cleenageryr 23S4e aso caenadn s
180 Meassouurnidn g
13E8n geyrc onversion 23W5a vetdsie,as n d
181 Loudness
140 Heat curnrste
18M2a kianngd hearing
14H2e attrs afrne 23S6h oreline
sound
14E3n gines 238 Coal
18R4e fcilteoann d
23O9i aln gda s
absorption
24M0a pptihnEega rth
186 Mussoiucnadls
18S8o urnedc ording
18E9l enctisrcoo unds
190 Light
19E2l ercotmagnetic
spercutm
19S3o urocfle isg ht
19R4e fclteion
19R6e rfaction
19L7e nses
198 Opitnrisuctmnaestl
145
ELECTRICITAYN D 19L9a sers 241
20L0i tg hamnadt ter WEATHER
MAGNETISM 20S1h adows
20C2o ulro 24S2u snhine
14S6t aetlirecic ctity 203 Cosluboturra ction2 4S3e asons
14C8u rreelnretic yct it 204 Vision 24C4l imates
15C0e lalnsbd a tteries 20P6h toography 24C6h nagicnlgit meas
152C ircuits 20C8i nema 24A8t omspeh er
154 Magnetism
25A0i prr essure
156 Electromagnetism
25T1em pearture
15E8el crtimcot ors
25H2u miyd it
15G9e nerators
25F3or nst
16E0el crtiycs iutpply
25W4i nds
16E1el crticiintt hyhe o me
25W6i nsdt rength
16T2el emcmoucnaiitons
257 Thaunnlddi egrh tning
16R4a dio
25H8u rricanes
16T6el evision
25T9or nadoes
16E8l ercotnciocm posn ent
26C0l ouds
17I0n etgractierdc uits
262 Foromfca ltoiuodns
172 Calculators
26F3o g, amnisdsm to,g
17C3o mputers
26R4a in
17U5s icnogm peurts 209
26S6n ow
17R6o bots EARTH
26H7a il
26F8r odset,w, aincde
21F0o rmaotftie hoE na rth
26S9p ieacelffce ts
21S2t rucotfu Ertaehr et h
27F0o recasting
21M4o vicnogin ntesn t
27W2e ahtewra tching
6
CONTENTS
315 Fungi
31P6l tasnt hwoifluotw ers
31C7o fneirs
31F8l oweprliasnn gt
32J0e llaynefimshoe,nsa ,n d
corals
32W1o rms
32A2r tohprods
273 32M4o lluscs 369
SPACE 32S5t arafnids shsq euai rts ECOLOGY
32F6i sh
274U niverse 32A8m phibisa n 37T0h be iosep her
27O5r igoiftn hU en iverse 33R0ep itles 37C2y cilntee hsb ioesrpeh
27G6a laxies 33B2i rds 374 Paenodp lpel anet
278 Stars 33M4a mmals 37W6a staenrsde cycling
28L0ie cf ycolfse t ars 336 Primates 37F7o ocdhi anasn wde bs
28C2o nesaltitlons 37A8n imgarulop s
28S3o lsayrs tem 37P9a nretrships
28S4u n 38C0o lroa uncda moaugfle
28M6e rcaunrVdyen us 38M1i graatnido n
28E7a rth hibaetrinon
28M8o on 38P2o rla anTdu ndlraan ds
28M9a rs 38M4o uanitns
29J0u piter 38S5e asehso r
291 Saturn 38O6c enas
29U2r anus 38R8i vaenrldsa kes
29N3e ptaunnPdel ou t 38W9e tlands
29A4s teroids 39D0e esrts
29C5o msea tnmde etosr 337 39G2r asslands
29S6t uodfay s tronomy HOW LIVING 39T4r opical rainforests
29T7el escoonEp aerst h 39T6em perfarotees ts
THINGS WORK
29T8el escionsp peasc e 397 Taonwcdnii set s
29R9o ckets 39W8i ldilndi afneg er
33C8e lls
30S0a tellites 40C0o nsaeitrovn
34P0h oostynthesis
30S1p apcreo bes
341 Trainnps lnpasto rt
30H2u mainnss p ace
34N2u trition
30S4p asctea tions
34F3e eding
401-425
34T4ee ht ajnadw s
FACTF INDER
34D5i gieosnt
34C6e lrlr uelsapiration SECTION
347B rehaitng
34B8l ood
34C9i rculation
G4L26OS-AS4R3Y 3
35I0tn ernal
envoinrment
35S2ke loents
35S4k in 434-445
305 INDEX
35M5u scles
LIVING THINGS
35M6o evment
35S8e nses
30W6h aitls i fe?
360 Nerves 446
30H7o wl ibfeeg an ACKNOWDLGMEENTS
36B1r ians
30E8v uotlion
36G2r owatnhd
30H9o we voluwtoirokns
deevlopment
31C0l assliifyvitinhngig n gs
36G4e neitcs
31V2i ruses
36A6s exual reproduction
31B3a cteria
36S7e xurpearlo diuocnt
31S4i ncgelleol-regda nisms
36H8u mnar eopdruicotn
7
HOW TOU SE THSIB OOI(
Thepsaeg sehwso you hoTwhe toC hueismseot fFr oyo odr pRitelTeosfi .nd
DarlKiinngd eSrcsileeyEn ncyccel oipaeT.dh ea ne ntrlyo,oo nkt ehc otennspt gaes,
eynlcopeiddsii av iidtneo1 d 2t heamticw heet rhheae dionfeg a cpha gies
seicostns,u cahsR eacitoannsLd i vingl iesdot,rt r unt oe i tnhdwehixc,th e lls
ThinWgist.he ianc hi osaner mceait n yowuh ipcahg ceostna iinonfr amiton
enrtioents h seuj bce,ts ucahst he ont hseuj bceyto u laoorkeiu npg.
�� Th1e- 2paigned ieasxtt h bea ck
ofT heS cienEnccey celdoiTpah.e
numebrrse fteopr a gneu mebrs.
Thpea gneum beirnn o rmal
typgei vgeesn eral
referweintcThehisen
ScienEcncey clo.p edia
Thpea gneum beirnb o ld
typgei vtehsme a in entry.
pagneu mbienirt atlyipce
givpeasg ietnsh Fea cfti nder.
The
contents
pagleises atc h SCIENCTEHE MES
pagseub ject Inofrmatiinot nh een cyclopedia
undiettrsh m eatic iasr ranignea td h emawtaiyc.
secthieoand . Eac.he ntgriyv deest ailed
informaotnoi nonet opic,
makinigt ifdoeprar lo jweocrtk .
CONTENTS Reading othientr h sepa amgee s
"" .,
HOWTOCSE \IATf:RIALS secteinoanb yloeust oe xplore
TillS WOK
andu nderstthasenud b jfeulclty .
ll�tlC1 I0I AKTS Thsip agoen C hemiAcnaall ysis
111Uo.11�..0u..,- ...,....-...,�.t,..."' .. ,'l!'�.,� 'h -..1.,0. '>f\l.o- •.. � ifsr om the Rseeaccttiioonn.s
IIOWWS1OC4RIKl.I· �'lI SITS RFAC.f.i O:"S\ ' Tsuhbewj oesrcudatcsnash dpsC i hcrtoudmreaestsco rgirbaep hy
""'"--'""-'
andF lamTee sitnsa c leaanrd
""'·--·. .�... ,. ,.. ". . excitwianyg.
��i��
FORC1I1SA1! '\D
E!'\1-'RCY
AtomSitcr ucture
teylolwush at
atoamrsme a doe.f Find outm ore
Theraer feou rd iefrfetnitm ceh arts
att hfeor notf T hSec ieEnnccyec lopedia. ATOMISC TRUCTPU.R2E4
COMPOUNDASN D
Eacohn e aht ahse mMea:t tEenre,gr y,
MIXTURP.E5S8
Earth Sapnadca en,dL iviTnhgi ngs. SourocfLe isg ehxtp lains RAT IG MIXTURP6E.1S
Thet imceh arttrsa tchede e velopmewnhtay t ogmisvo eul ti tg h SOURCEOSF L IGHPT. 9l3
ofd iefrfebnrta ncohfes sc ienfcreo,m when heamteetdh o-da
GENETIP3C.6S 4
theea rltiiemstetos t hper esdeanyt. ofi dentainef lyeimnge nt.
FACT r.404
FJNJJl<-R
Therea F iisno dum to rbeox in the
bottroimg -hhatncdo rneorfe ach
entry Tphasigb eo.xl isottsh er
Genettiecylsol us
ac hemiccoadilen pageisnT hSec ieRnncyccleoe dpia
DNAm akeesa ch wheryeo uc anf inodu mto raeb out
beiunng yousru bjeFcotre. x amptlheFe,i nd
oumto rbeox o nt hCeh emical
Analysilsi pssatirgsxee l ated
entrainedts h rep iagneu mbers.
ThFei nodu mto re
booxn S ourocfe s
Liglhetay dostu of our
relaetnetdrN ioebsl:e
GaseCsh,e mical
Reactions, Electricity
SuppalnyCd,o lour.
8
HOW TOU SET HIBSO OK
MAIENN TRIES
Thei nformatiopna gioepsn r eesaecinhnat w eadty h at
makeesa sitytou nderswthaaintgsd o ionngS. t art
readaittn hgie nr toducmtoivo.oen n,t ot hseu b-entries
antdh erne atdh cea ptainoadnn sn otations. Runnihnega d
Thirse miynodwush ich
Introduction Enthreya ding sectyiooaunr i en . This
Eacmha ienn tsrtya writtashn Thibsih ge adaitn g entornKy i neTthiecoi risyn
introdtuhcpatrtio ovnaic dleesa r thteo opft hpea ge thRee actsieocntsi on.
explanoaftt hsieuo bnj Aefctte.r descraim baeiesnn try.
readtihniygos su,h ouhladva eg ood
ideofaw hatth pea gieas l l about. M�aps �-f- -
The maTphse iSnc iEnecnyccel opedia
Su-bentry givaet -a-ggleaongcrea phical
As ub-einustn rdyte hrse e cond-largest informFaoterxi aomnp.tl hmeia,sp
headoinnt ghp ea gIeet.x amines aspects appearaps a goaenb omuotu ntain
oft hmea ienn tirdnye a tiFlo.er x ample, ecosmysst.se hIotww hse trheme a in
thseu bnt-reioenKs i neTthieco ry are
mountraainngo efts hw eo ralrde .
aboduitf faunsedix opna nbsoitohn ,
importeaxnatm polfke isn tehteiocr y.
Datbeo xes
Photographs Manpya gheasv aed atbeo xT.h ese
Altlhp ea giensTh eS cience givlea ndmoafar ckhsi evienm ent
Encyclohpaevdpeih ao togTrhaipsh s. datoer dTehrid.sa tbeo axp peoanr s
photogorfba rpomhid nief fwuassi on ap age called OptIitc al Instruments.
specitaaklelnys tiunds iotao h ,a t you givtehse doafwt heetsnh meo st
casne ee xacwthlaryte ahlalpyp ens. imptoartnetl escopbeusi lwte.r e
ExPANSION
Ifa no l�j:te,lt ikteh is
thermometeri,sh eattdi,L �
jJ]·� ��i!��t��I���t��iV'
exp;mdi nto athre.
aboutlOO
anlitjuids
ihnow te
fl1i:��;�·.•:; �;;�.,e;n��� ��;�l�;::n;§;
Cutaway m�:::r:
diameter.
itlhiSileulonu slmsstpettiora rhdfaograae tbheettsijasvi oev eonceanst ls s Ro1bc8I\n2tmhw 7enS< , w:oat tisss uhbr optraiins�ttdo s ee dC19i:4aae8Htmly .·(ai�, f oA-·erc,."'V ngmri, P ( aI1o 6mfatr),
oaTwtfanhho nldaaiidi idtsilv tts m lssiih htwau hntoioodsog wonuoretw fgplak rs s sa ..t iotwTtttIbyehneihyhecx�arepnapmrons geltog)'su ryhlorc af ,.nTaamTmeo i s ptoheannehest pvbe tseeadrhot•y tdwnLc mil aa amntlsntort·e btgevdmbinoimAlgrclt smsolynr tyhrtb ll ooan e aekxwiic rci!a ncnEeuadunrwsiatirgenelelaa enibhd te bntTdst yisoth ty c.i"mnec . sri nsi ng ;�dt1_ ; frl9ie�76l(.7e ft.t(>�32epcso/e�f��3 k, ttZIc·S e },cl 6l m i eiam(srm H1coeao9dtwp.reaei5ri,k. i i ,ft )
I\ro\\<11ian
using
pollen
Speciinaflo rmbaotxieosn
Ons ompea geysow,ui flilin ndf ormation ll Biographies
Many pcaognetbsai iong radpehtiacialls
boxewsh,ih cihig ghphlatrt icauslpaerc ts
ofn otasbcliee natniidsn tvse ntors.
ofa m ain entbrotyxe. yl olTasuhb iosu t
Biogratpeyhloilaue b so tuhtle i offte h e
Brownmioatniw ohni,cc ahn be Iltlruastions
Captiaonndas n notations scieonrit nivsetwn hteotnrh ,el yi ved,
explabiykn iende tic theory. Mospta giensTh eS cience
Eveirlytl ruasthiaaosc n a pt.Ti hoeny anwdh atth edyi d.
Encyclocpoendticaal ienda ert,a iled
often have (aiinntn aolatisac st)i ons
iulsltratthihaoetn lysop tu o
weii.Theosueit pm oprotidanenttt a ils
undsetrasncdi ecnotnicfeipct s.
wiitanhn i ulsltroatrpi hoont ograph.
FACTF INDER
ABBRVEITAIONS
TheF afcitn pdaegrae tts h bea cokfT hSec ieEnnccyleco pedia
Ac hart ysohtuoh rwees a ctivityS soemwreoi ersad,rsa e b brev(isahtoerdt ienn ed)
arpea ckweidtu hs efcuhla rftasca,tn sfd,i guorne sta hlel
anidl tlruaswtheasht a ppteon s ThSec ieEnnccyec lopTehdeifol al. owliinsgt
topiinct she en cyclopedia.a rfTerh oetmsh ee pagedsi ffmeerteawnlhts et nh eayrm ei xed explwahianttsh aeb brevisattafinoodrn :s
Reactsieocntsi on. with vsaurbisotuasn ces. °C degrCeeelss ius
= .
°F= dcgersFe ahrenheit
mm= millimetre
em= centimetre
m= metre
km= kilometre
sqk m= squakriel otmree
km/=h k ilomepethrro eusr
The lgaawassr e g g=ram
cleasrtlayt ed and kg=k ilogram
illustrated.
l= litre
ini=n ch
f=tf oot
Thdei fflearwesn t yd= yard
foird entifying mph= milpeeshr o ur
gasaerse o=z ounce
explained. l=bp ound
cb.e foard ae=t eabout
At abslheo wyso u = befoCrher ist
B.C.
whaetn dianngds =ann oD omianfit,te hrbe i rotfCh h rist
prefoifcx heesm ical Thceh emiecqauli pymoemuni tg uhstie an A.D.
scielnacrbeao tioisrl ytl ruasatneeddx plained.
namemse an.
9
HISTOROYF S CIENCEM ATTER
•
DISCOVERINGM ATTER
400 Fhodurr noeyfde sa rs,
ThBG.Cer. D ee01:er1m:k..is.,.t .lJ S peboepAllrieie svteo tle3G0'0Br .psCe.l h eoiksP olapanhtdeo r s
anEdp itceuarcuhs thtehtoahartefryu roe re Aribsettlhyoiaoctetuaalv l neew ays
thmaactto tnesri sts baeslie-came retnht,s goocn u mtatitisntnmtegoar l ler
osfm haalrld,, fiaarinwerad, t er. ansdm aller
inpvairtsiicbllees
caaltloemds .
Democritus
1661
IirsRhomBbaoesnyrtu l geg ests
thsammtao lpvlai rtcniagcn l es
explarienab cectthiteoemnris c al
thAarni stotle's
foeulre ments.
Ensghlmian ResesatruAncdtohLyianev eo rissie r
SIisra apcr oacrees sesh eaanitdn ve(714s3-9tu4s)ie sg ate
Newtoenx pblya inende dwilsyc ooxyvgieenns rtoefea dd
(1762473p)-h 1laong istognas,su aecssh p hlogtioes xtpolna in
deshcorwi biens visibclaedr ibooxnbiu rdnainenodgt . he r
mitpneau rctainc sluebss tance chemical changes.
atatnrrdea pcretel li etnaahtsieoer d
eaocthh er.d ubruirnngi ng.
1830
Gercmhtaesnm is
fooccnua asrs b on
tbhaeots fhi es
orcghatenormifyic s
libveiinngg s.
Iomrtpnaecnwht e mical
1869
RusDsmMiieatnnrdd iee tvlhieesy eesv indiunsctlruideisn,g
PerTiawobhdlcieilc,caeh sl seimfeinetss syndtrahunegdts i c
'i sntiom ilar dyaedrsee,v i enl oped
grotuhpesi rb y Germany.
atwoemiigch t.
'''.
TheP eriToadbilce
1920
Telaerpeh ones
massf-rpormo duced
Bakase ylnitthee,t ic
plTahpselt aisct.i c
idunsbtietrngoys
grionwtot ofh eo ne
wolralrdg'ess t.
Scieexnptliosrtes
1939-45
DutrShieenWc goo rnldd intschieedn et ral
Warre,sf eoaocrnuc shen scu loaeftu Eosvm esn.
tahtebo omamitnbcdh e smpaalrtlpiercrol teosn,s
lifderp-ueslgnai ivnci.ain nnlgde uatdrrieos ncso,v ered.
Cheap Sciaesrnteti ilslt s
claorteh es Quarkasr ed iscoveredt rtyfoioi nungtd
mafdreo m insipdreo toannsd hotwh e
new neutrons. Uvneiwrasse
artificial Physicistso riginally
fasburcihc s contdtoii sncuoev erc reated.
ansy lon. smaansldmls aeulrbl aetro mic
parctaqiluclaleredks s .
10