The Dopaminergic System PDF
Preview The Dopaminergic System
Basic and Clinical Aspects of Neuroscience Edited by E. Fluckiger (Managing Editor), o. E. E. Muller and M. Thorner A .~ Springer Sandoz ~ Advanced Texts SANDOZ The Dopaminergic System With Contributions by B. Halasz K. Fuxe L. F. Agnati M. Kalia M. Goldstein K. Andersson A. Harfstrand B. Clark With 23 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo Professor Dr. Edward Fluckiger Pharmazeutische Abteilung Praklinische Forschung SandozAG CH-4002 Basel Professor Dr. Eugenio E. Muller Professor Dr. M. O. Thorner Dipartimento di Farmacologia Dept. of Internal Medicine Facolta' di Medicina e Chirurgia School of Medicine Universita' degli Studi di Milano University of Virginia Via Vanvitelli, 32 Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 1-20129 Milano USA ISBN-13:978-3-540-13700-9 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-69948-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-69948-1 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re·use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1985 The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trade marks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contain ed in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. 212113140-543210 Preface This new series of Advanced Texts on "Basic and Clinical Aspects of Neuroscience" is a joint undertaking by Springer Verlag and Sandoz Ltd. The series is designed to keep general practitioners and clinicians, as well as medical biologists and advanced students in medicine or biology, informed of the current state of knowledge in certain areas of neuro science. Each volume of the series is devoted to one topic and contains contributions by acknowledged authorities in their field. The authors are chosen not only for their expertise but also for their ability to convey their knowledge in a clear and straightforward manner, intelligible to the nonspecialist. Great emphasis is given to the illustrations, which are designed to enhance comprehension of the text. The series is fortunate in having as editors Prof. E. E. Muller (Milan) and Prof. M. O. Thorner (Charlottesville), both for the planning of the program and for the contributions. Basle, June 1985 E. Fluckiger Managing editor Table of Contents Introduction to Neuroendocrinology B.HALAsz Oxytocin- and Vasopressin-Producing Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 Pituitary Trophic Hormone Releasing and Release Inhibiting Factors (Hormones) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 Anterior Pituitary Hormones, Gastrointestinal Hormones, and Other Peptides in the Central Nervous System .............. 5 Monoaminergic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Structural Organization of the Nervous Elements Involved in the Control of the Pituitary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Peripheral Innervation of the Endocrine Glands . 8 References ..................... 8 Dopaminergic Systems in the Brain and Pituitary K. FUXE, L. F. AGNA n, M. KALlA, M. GOLDSTEIN, K. ANDERSSON, and A. HARFSTRAND Ascending DA Neuron Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Descending DA Neuron Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Local DA Neuron Systems of the Midbrain, Hypothalamus, and the Preoptic Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16 Local DA Neurons of the Olfactory and Optic System. . . . . . . . . 18 Studies on the Postsynaptic Regulation of DA Mechanisms: Evidence for Receptor-Receptor Interactions at the Local Circuit Level and at the Comodulator Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 On the Functional Role of the Nigrostriatal and Mesolimbic DA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Mesolimbic and Mesolimbocortical DA Neurons and Their Possible Functional Role .......................... 21 Tuberoinfundibular DA Neurons and Their Role in Regulating Secretion of Hormones from the Anterior Pituitary Gland ... 21 Tuberohypophyseal DA Neuron Systems and Their Role in Regulating Secretion of Hormones from the Pars Intermedia of the Anterior Pituitary Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Hypothalamic DA Neuron Systems and Their Role in Regulating Secretion of Hormones from the Posterior Pituitary Gland 23 References ............................... 24 VIII Table of Contents The Role of Dopamine in the Periphery BARBARA 1. CLARK Introduction ............ . 27 Cardiovascular Effects of Dopamine 28 Vascular Receptors . 30 Sodium Excretion ......... . 32 Renin Secretion. . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Effects on Ganglionic Transmission. 32 Prejunctional Receptors 33 Dopaminergic Nerves 36 Conclusion 38 References ..... . 38 Introduction to Neuroendocrinology Bela Halasz 2nd Department ofA natomy, Semmelweis University Medical School, Tiizoltb utca 58,1094 Budapest IX, Hungary In recent decades very spectacular progress has been made of the smooth muscles of the uterus and breast, and for an in the field of neuroendocrinology. We gained a vast tidiuresis. amount of important new information which in essence The application of immunocytochemical and radioim confirmed and proved the original basic concepts of the munoassay techniques to the study of the distribution of discipline; however, it also led to a significant revision of oxytocin and vasopressin has confirmed the original con our views about neuroendocrinology in general and about cept but, in addition, it has revealed the presence of both some of its special areas in particular. Forty years ago neu peptides throughout the central nervous system (Fig. 1). roendocrinology meant primarily neurosecretion as a pe Vasopressin- and oxytocin-containing neurons which do culiar phenomenon, the supraoptico- and paraventriculo not appear to project to the posterior pituitary have recent hypophyseal system producing vasopressin and oxytocin, ly been identified both inside and outside the hypothala and the neural control of the anterior pituitary gland. mus. Such vasopressin neurons were found, for example, Nowadays the discipline covers much more. It deals with in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, septal re all interactions between hormones and nerve structures. gion, amygdala, and region of the locus ceruleus. Many There are an infinite number of such interactions, which oxytocin and some vasopressin neurons of the paraventri exist at very different levels. Therefore, it is almost impos cular nucleus give rise to projections to the brainstem and sible to draw boundaries of the discipline and to give a spinal cord (for references see [13]). There is an extensive more detailed definition. network of vasopressin and oxytocin fibers distributed As is often true in science, improvements in research throughout the mammalian central nervous system. The tools have contributed greatly to the progress mentioned areas containing such fibers range from autonomic centers above. Refined techniques have been introduced for chem or areas involved in nociception in the brainstem and spi ical characterization and synthesis of peptides. Immuno nal cord to forebrain limbic structures, and even to neocor logical techniques, both radioimmunoassays and immuno tex. Synapses in which the vasopressin- or oxytocin-con cytological methods, became available to measure minute taining nerve terminal is the presynaptic structure have quantities of hormones and neurohormones, and to identi been observed. Some of the projections of vasopressin or fy and localize various peptidergic elements and other sub oxytocin neurons are already established. stances. New tract-tracing methods have been worked out The question arises: What are the functions of oxytocin for detailed analysis of neuronal connections. New phar and vasopressin in the central nervous system? There is macologic research tools have also been developed. experimental evidence that both hormones are involved in Some of the main findings obtained in the last decades various brain functions. Behavioral effects of administered and greatly influencing the present picture of neuroendo oxytocin and vasopressin have been observed, in particu crinology are briefly summarized on the following pages. lar their effects on memory and learning. There are also re ports about other actions of these hormones (antipyretic, analgesic, etc.). Vasopressin may playa role in cardiovas cular regulation through central pathways. Further, there is Oxytocin- and Vasopressin-Producing Neurons evidence that both vasopressin and oxytocin can alter the electrical activity of neurons or the catecholamine turnover in specific brain areas, or can influence cAMP production. Until the 1970s oxytocin and vasopressin were thought of Thus, oxytocin and vasopressin, originally character primarily as hormones of the posterior pituitary, produced ized as posterior pituitary hormones, appear to have an ad by the neurons of the paraventricular and the supraoptic ditional important role in influencing the activity of neu nucleus and released into the blood vessels of the neural rons through direct projections to these elements and lobe. This so-called paraventriculo- and supraopticohypo hence may play an important part in a variety of central physeal tract was considered as a well-defined, distinct sys nervous system functions. tem producing the hormones responsible for contraction Basic and Clinical Aspects of Neuroscience Springer-Sandoz Advanced Texts © by Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1985 2 Bela Halasz CCALL o o 0 o 000 MedUlla oblongata o Vasopressin Perikarya t3 Vasopressin Fibres and terminals o Oxytocin Perikarya t3 Oxytocin Fibres and terminals Introduction to Neuroendocrinology 3 Fig.2. Schematic illustration of the structural basis oft he neurohumoral mechanism controlling the anterior pituitary Neurons producing the hypophysiotrophic neurohormones Adenohypophysis Pituitary Trophic Hormone Releasing and Release physeal portal vascular system by which they are carried to Inhibiting Factors (Hormones) the cells of the adenohypophysis (Fig.2). This hypothesis has been proved in the last two decades. Several peptides called have been isolated from the hypothalamus, chemi In 1947 Green and Harris [6] formulated the concept that cally identified, and synthesized: a tripeptide [called thyro neural control of the anterior pituitary is exerted by a neu tropin releasing hormone (TRH)] causing release of the rohumoral mechanism, i. e., the central nervous system thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a decapeptide [called synthesizes "hypophysiotrophic" substances which are re luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), gonado leased from the nerve terminals in the hypothalamic medi lib erin, or luliberin] with releasing activity for the luteiniz an eminence and pituitary stalk and they enter the hypo- ing hormone (LH) and the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a tetradecapeptide [named somatostatin, growth hormone inhibiting factor or somatotropin release inhib ~r------------------------------------ iting factor, (SRIF)] inhibiting the release of growth hor Fig. 1. Distribution of vasopressin and oxytocin immunoreactive mone and TSH (for references see [14]), and a peptide con neuronal elements in the central nervous system. CCALL, corpus callosum taining 41 amino acids [corticotropin releasing factor 4 Bela Halasz Telencephalon Diencephalon o SRIF Perikarya £3 SRIF Fibers and terminals o CRF Perikarya t3 CRF Fibres and terminals OT Hypoth. Mesencephalon Spinal cord
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