The Domestic Analogy and World Order Proposals

246 Pages·1989·5.16 MB·English

by  Hidemi Suganami

CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: 6
THE DOMESTIC ANALOGY AND
WORLD ORDER PROPOSALS
Editorial Board
STEVE SMITH (Managing editor)
LAWRENCE FREEDMAN FRED HALLIDAY KAL HOLSTI
ROY JONES ROBERT LITWAK PETER NAILOR
WILLIAM OLSON ADAM ROBERTS JOHN SIMPSON
JACK SPENCE ROGER TOOZE JOHN VASQUEZ
JOHN VINCENT
Cambridge Studies in International Relations is a joint initiative of Cambridge
University Press and the British International Studies Association (BISA). The
series will include a wide range of material, from undergraduate textbooks and
surveys to research-based monographs and collaborative volumes. The aim of
the series is to publish the best new scholarship in International Studies from
Europe, North America and the rest of the world.
CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1 MYLES L. C. ROBERTSON
Soviet policy towards Japan
An analysis of trends in the 1970s and 1980s
2 FRIEDRICH V. KRATOCHWIL
Rules, norms, and decisions
On the conditions of practical and legal reasoning in
international relations and domestic affairs
3 MICHAEL NICHOLSON
Formal theories in international relations
4 MICHAEL C. PUGH
The ANZUS crisis, nuclear visiting and deterrence
5 STEPHEN GILL
American hegemony and the Trilateral Commission
6 HIDEMI SUGANAMI
The domestic analogy and world order proposals
7 IAN CLARK
The hierarchy of states
Reform and resistance in the international order
8 ZEEV MAOZ
National choices and international processes
9 WILLIAM BLOOM
Personal identity, national identity and international relations
10 JAMES MAYALL
Nationalism and international society
11 JAMES BARBER and JOHN BARRATT
South Africa's foreign policy
The search for status and security 1945-1988
THE DOMESTIC
ANALOGY AND
WORLD ORDER
PROPOSALS
HIDEMI SUGANAMI
Lecturer in International Relations
University of Keele
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© Cambridge University Press 1989
First published 1989
British Library cataloguing in publication data
Suganami, Hidemi
The domestic analogy and world order
proposals - (Cambridge studies in
international relations; 6)
1. Foreign relations. Theories
I. Title
327.1'01
Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data
Suganami, Hidemi.
The domestic analogy and world order proposals.
(Cambridge studies in international relations; 6)
Based on the author's thesis, submitted to the
University of London, 1985.
Bibliography.
Includes index.
1. International organization. 2. International
relations. I. Title. II. Series.
JX1954.S85 1989 341.2 89-883
ISBN 0 521 34341 0
Transferred to digital printing 2003
RB
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements page vi
Introduction 1
1 The domestic analogy debate: a preliminary outline 9
2 The range and types of the domestic analogy 24
3 Some nineteenth-century examples 40
4 Contending doctrines of the Hague Peace Conferences
period 62
5 The impact of the Great War 79
6 The effect of the failure of the League on attitudes
towards the domestic analogy 94
7 The domestic analogy in the establishment of the
United Nations 114
8 The domestic analogy in contemporary international
thought 129
9 The domestic analogy and world order proposals:
typology and appraisal 165
Conclusion 197
Notes 209
References 218
Index of personal names 231
Subject index 233

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book is based on my doctoral thesis submitted to the
University of London in 1985. In the course of writing the thesis and
transforming it into the present volume, I have incurred many debts.
The thesis was supervised by Professor Alan James at the LSE and,
after his departure to Keele, by Mr Michael Donelan. Dr John Vincent
of Nuffield College, Oxford, Dr Andrew Linklater of Monash, Mr
Christopher Brewin of Keele and Ms Jane Davis of Aberystwyth were
all generous in taking time to comment on my earlier drafts. Mr Murray
Forsyth of Leicester and Dr Paul Taylor of the LSE, who jointly exam-
ined my thesis, gave me constructive criticisms and considerable sup-
port for its publication. Keele University granted me on four occasions
a term's leave of absence which enabled me to continue my research. I
am grateful to them all for having made it possible for me to initiate and
carry out my study, and at long last to present its outcome in the form
of this book.
In the second and third years of my study as a research student at the
LSE I was fortunate enough to receive a Leverhulme Studentship and a
Noel Buxton Studentship in International Relations. And in the
autumn of 1987, I was awarded a Social Sciences Small Grant by the
Nuffield Foundation. I am grateful to the trustees of the funds for their
generous support. I would also like to thank Ms Pauline Weston of the
Politics Department, Keele, for having typed the entire manuscript
with speed and efficiency.
My greatest debt, however, is to my family in Japan, without whose
understanding, encouragement and utterly unselfish support neither
the thesis nor the present volume could have been written. It is to them
that I dedicate this little book with gratitude.

INTRODUCTION
How beneficial is it from the viewpoint of world order to
transfer to the domain of international relations those legal and politi-
cal principles which sustain order within states? This has been one of
the central questions in the study of international relations, and the
term 'domestic analogy' has been used to refer to the argument which
endorses such transfer. The 'domestic analogy' is presumptive reason-
ing which holds that there are certain similarities between domestic
and international phenomena; that, in particular, the conditions of
order within states are similar to those of order between them; and that
therefore those institutions which sustain order domestically should
be reproduced at the international level.
However, despite the apparent division, outlined in chapter 1,
among writers on international relations between those who favour
this analogy and those who are critical of it, no clear analysis has yet
been made as to precisely what types of proposal should be treated as
exemplifying reliance on this analogy. One of the central aims of this
book is to clarify the range and types of proposal which this analogy
entails, and chapter 2 makes a preliminary attempt at this task.
A substantial portion of this book (chapters 3-8) is devoted to the
examination of the role which the domestic analogy has played in ideas
about world order since the end of the Napoleonic Wars to the present.
Particular attention is paid to the influence of changing circumstances
in the domestic and international spheres upon the manner in which
and the extent to which the domestic analogy has been employed.
The merits of the five main types of approach to world order which
emerge from our analysis in chapters 3-8 are discussed in chapter 9.
Each of the five types embodies a distinctive attitude towards the
domestic analogy. The discussion shows that there are weaknesses in
the approaches based on the domestic analogy, but that ideas critical of
the analogy are not entirely flawless, and that some degree of con-
cession to the analogy is beneficial.
Chapters 3-8 examine the role of the domestic analogy in six
THE DOMESTIC ANALOGY AND WORLD ORDER PROPOSALS
historical periods. The following remarks by Morgenthau most suc-
cinctly account for the periodization in terms of which the materials are
arranged in chapters 3-5:
While domestic liberalism converted public opinion in the eighteenth
century and conquered the political institutions of the Western world
during the nineteenth, it was not before the end of the Napoleonic
Wars that important sectors of public opinion demanded the appli-
cation of liberal principles to international affairs. And it was not
before the turn of the century that the Hague Peace Conferences
made the first systematic attempt at establishing the reign of liber-
alism in the international field. Yet only the end of the first World War
saw, in the League of Nations, the triumph of liberalism on the
international scene. (1946, 41)
If for 'liberalism7 in the above passage we substitute its important
manifestations such as 'constitutionalism' or 'the idea of the rule of
law', the relevance of Morgenthau's remarks to the present study will
become clearer. Although the application of 'domestic liberalism' to
international relations is not the only way in which the domestic
analogy has been used, Morgenthau's periodization is useful for this
study. This is because liberalism has been a major force in the field of
activity which concerns this book although with the failure of the
League of Nations and the decline in the credibility of nineteenth-
century liberalism within the sphere of domestic politics, some import-
ant writers of the mid-twentieth century began to criticize the appli-
cation of laissez-faire ideology to international relations.
Thus, in line with Morgenthau's periodization, we shall discuss in
chapter 3 the use of the domestic analogy in proposals for world order
formulated between the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the first
Hague Conference at the end of the century. This was the period in
which liberalism made advances within the domestic sphere while the
international system, despite a number of ad hoc conferences under the
Concert of Europe, remained relatively unorganized in terms of its
formal structure. Chapter 4 will examine the writings of the Hague
Conferences period, in which, internationally also, there began a rapid
development in the attempt to enhance the rule of law. But the opti-
mism of the Hague Conferences period was soon to be shattered by the
outbreak of the Great War. The impact of this war upon the attitudes
towards the domestic analogy, and the use of this analogy by those
who were influential in the creation of the League of Nations will be
examined in chapter 5.
The League of Nations, however, soon began to show its inade-
quacies, while, within the domestic sphere, old liberalism had lost