The Digital Era, Volume 3: Customs and Practices

281 Pages·2022·5.269 MB·English

by  Jean-Pierre Chamoux

The Digital Era 3

Series Editor
Fabrice Papy
The Digital Era 3

Customs and Practices

Edited by

Jean-Pierre Chamoux
First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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ISBN 978-1-78630-192-5
Contents
Note to Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
James B. RULE
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX
Part 1. Social Issues: Textbook Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction to Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX
Chapter 1. From Connected Objects to Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Paul SALAÜN
Some key ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Reminders on data protection and freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Robots, health and care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Robots and the law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Toward a European status for robots? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
vi The Digital Era 3
Chapter 2. A Textbook Case: Regulating Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . 27
Florian SAÜRWEIN, Natascha JUST and MICHAEL LÄTZER
Typology of risks and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Market arrangement and public mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Various modes of governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Solutions offered by services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Measures adapted to the risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Linking governance and innovation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Chapter 3. Digital Health: Foresight for French-speaking
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Sylvaine MERCURI CHAPUIS and Thomas GAUTHIER
Health in the Homo Numericus era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Back to the foresight method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
What is the projected future by 2024? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Megatrends, points of inflection and weak signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2024 scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Discussion of scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chapter 4. From the Eurodollar to Cybercurrencies:
Nature and Scope of Monetary Disruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX, Gérard DRÉAN and Henri LEPAGE
Has disruption gotten out of control since 2009? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Banking today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Renewal of scriptural money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Elements of summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Appendix A: F.A. Hayek’s thought experiment:
denationalizing currency? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Appendix B: Are central banks overwhelmed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Appendix C: How does the global derivatives market work? . . . . . . . . . 90
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Contents vii
Part 2. Political Issues: Evolution of Failure? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Introduction to Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX
Chapter 5. Variations on Network Neutrality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Paul SALAÜN
Net neutrality: a polysemous notion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Ensuring network rate neutrality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Single market and European network neutrality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Net neutrality in France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Chapter 6. State Surveillance: How Much is Too Much? . . . . . . . . 117
Pierre SCHWEITZER
Digital surveillance update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
The French, in the wake of America? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Risks and scope of expanded surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Does the rule of law apply to states? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
What is to be done in France? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Moral solutions, not very effective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Snowden, Assange and Wikileaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Chapter 7. The Right to be Forgotten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Michel José REYMOND
Toward a new rule of law? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Continuation of the Google Spain litigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
The GDPR coming into effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Perspectives on the right to be forgotten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Chapter 8. Computers and Privacy, the Test of Time . . . . . . . . . . 161
Michel José REYMOND and Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX
The French example: a multilateral framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
viii The Digital Era 3
Internet platforms: a European issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
What rights for the subject? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Chapter 9. Epilogue: Security Delusion or Scandinavian Common
Sense? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Ejan MACKAAY and Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX
Facing terrorism: six countries, six examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Lessons from these six cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Insurance, risk and prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
From terrorism to Covid-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Appendix 1. List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Appendix 2. List of Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Index of Names and Brands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Index of Notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239